Recent development of a refined multiple air pollutant emission inventory of vehicles in the Central Plains of China

Central Plains region of China,represented by Henan Province,is facing serious air pollution problems.Vehicular exhaust emissions had adverse impacts on the atmospheric environment.The first comprehensive and novel vehicle emission inventory for Henan Province using vehicle kilometers traveled,localized emission factors,and activity data at city-level was developed.Furthermore,3 km×3 km gridded emission and temporal variations were determined by using localized information.Results show that the total emissions of sulfur dioxide(SO_2),nitrogen oxides(NOx),carbon monoxide(CO),particular matter with aerodynamic diameter10μm(PM_(10)),aerodynamic diameter2.5μm(PM_(2.5)),volatile organic compounds(VOCs),VOCs-evaporation and ammonia in 2015 were 9.1,533.4,1190.7,23.7,21.6,150.8,31.5 and 10.4 Gg,respectively,and the emission intensities of the above pollutants were 0.05,2.7,6.0,0.1,0.1,0.8,0.2 and 0.05 g/km,respectively.Vehicles meeting the Primary China 1,China 3 and China 4 contributed 89.1%,82.7%,75.3%,75.5%,75.5%,68.2%,68.4%and 82.3%for SO_2,NO_x,CO,PM_(10),PM_(2.5),VOCs,VOCs-evaporation and ammonia emissions,respectively.Zhengzhou,Zhoukou,Nanyang,Luoyang,Shangqiu and Xinyang showed relatively higher emissions and contributed more than 50%of each pollutant.The spatial distribution indicated obvious characteristics of the road network,and high-level emission was concentrated in the downtown areas.Additionally,the ozone formation potential(OFP)based on the estimated speciated VOC emissions was 569.6 Gg in Henan Province.Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were the main species of VOCs,whereas olefins contributed the largest proportion of OFP,with 42.2%.     

京津冀农业源氨排放对PM2.5的影响

根据收集的京津冀区域农业氨排放源活动水平数据,使用排放因子法建立了2014年京津冀地区农业氨排放清单.结果表明,2014年京津冀地区农业源氨排放总量为1750695t,平均排放强度为8.09t/km²;河北省、北京市和天津市农业氨排放量分别为1594087t、58822t和97786t.;猪和蛋鸡是畜禽养殖业中氨排放的主要来源,分别占31.29%和26.07%.模拟结果表明,农业氨减排使京津冀地区PM_2.5的年均浓度下降12.04μg/m³,下降比例约为18.36%,4月份和7月份农业氨减排对PM_2.5的影响较大,而1月份影响较低;农业氨减排使无机盐（硫酸盐+铵盐+硝酸盐）的年均浓度下降10.00μg/m³,年均浓度下降比例为41.84%,对硝酸盐的影响最大,铵盐次之,硫酸盐最小.     

某型航空包装箱加速试验方法研究

目的激发航空包装箱使用寿命内的潜在薄弱环节。方法基于寿命期剖面和故障机理分析,采用时间压缩、事件压缩和加速应力的加速方法,设计一种综合考虑湿热、随机振动、叉运、人工拆装、冲击和跌落的多应力加速试验方法。结果该试验将模拟包装箱16年使用寿命的试验时间加速至96天,有效地激发了产品金属紧固件锈蚀、结构件部分损坏等潜在故障,进而通过改进措施提升了包装箱的可靠性水平。结论该方法用于多应力加速试验合理可行。     

城市机动车尾气排放及道路扩散模式综述

综述了国内外机动车排放因子模型,基于开阔型、交叉路口型和城市峡谷型3类城市典型交通道路,探讨了各种机动车尾气扩散模式的优缺点和适用性。提出今后的研究重点是利用城市生态系统中的植物群落对汽车排放污染物扩散的阻碍和吸附,探索绿化植物对机动车尾气污染扩散的阻散特征;加强CFD软件在城市道路空气质量研究领域的应用;在GIS平台下,结合扩散模式开发环境综合管理系统。     

黔中白云岩风化剖面微量元素的地球化学特征

本研究是为了探讨微量元素在化学风化作用下的迁移特征及分布规律并讨论碳酸盐岩地区红色风化壳的物源问题。我们选择了贵州省遵义市新浦镇的一处发育完好的原生白云岩上覆红土剖面作为研究的对象。以Zr作为不活化元素,我们得到以下的认识:1)该白云岩上覆红土剖面是原地形成的淋滤剖面,微量元素的迁移系数在红土剖面中的变化都具有很好的规律性。元素对Nb-Ta、Zr-Hf和Y-Yb的相关性很强,其可以作为上覆土层物质非多来源的证据,而单一物源与下伏岩石高度相关,那么可以推断所研究的土壤来源于下覆碳酸盐岩的风化。2)在整个剖面中,大部分微量元素在风化过程中都表现出富集的特性,尤其在岩-土界面处达到最大化,这显示出了风化淋滤的过程。Nb、Ta、V和Hf是相对不活化的元素。3)轻稀土元素在岩土界面的富集系数是大于重稀土元素的,这表明轻稀土元素在淋滤过程中更易于迁移。此外,铁质壳对相关微量元素有着富集的作用。总之,本次的研究结果对探讨喀斯特地区红土型风化壳的物质来源问题有着重要的指示意义。     

建设机动车排放实验室若干问题探讨

建设一个良好的机动车排放实验室,规划与配套是关键。首先必须有一个良好的整体规划,其次应根据拟建实验室规模合理进行布局,重点应注意水电、标准气体、消防与通风设施、废气排放等方面合理配套。     

苏州河网区河道上覆水与底泥中氮素形态分布特征

以苏州河网区河道为研究对象,分布式采集10个采样点,分析水质状况和底泥中氮素形态与含量及其剖面分布,以探讨上覆水和底泥中各形态氮的相关性. 结果表明:上覆水中ρ(总氮),ρ(总磷)及ρ(COD_Cr)均超标,水质呈弱碱性,ρ(硝态氮)(1.10～2.39 mg/L)均高于ρ(铵态氮)(0.30～1.70 mg/L),80%的采样点水质为劣Ⅴ类,水质污染严重,且以氮污染为主;底泥中w(总氮)为2.78～6.30 g/kg,其随沉积深度的增加而减少,说明河道污染负荷有逐年加重的趋势;底泥中w(铵态氮)为37.2～228.0 mg/kg,其随沉积深度的增加而增加,说明铵态氮的沉积量在逐年减少;底泥中w(硝态氮)为13.1～69.4 mg/kg,其在各点的剖面变化趋势不尽相同,这可能与河道水体流动性较大有关. 相关性分析和空间关系分析显示,虽然上覆水中各形态氮含量和底泥表层中各形态氮含量点位对应的关系不显著,但在空间上存在一定的关联性,即由于水体的流动性,使得底泥到上覆水的氮含量高值区有从东向西迁移的趋势.      

Health risk assessment of emissions from a coal-fired power plant using AERMOD modelling

Current electricity generation mix in Malaysia consists of 58% gas, 33% coal and 9% hydro. It is anticipated that by year 2019, the generation mix will be at 64% coal, 32% gas and 4% hydro. Due to the increase in coal consumption for power generation, there is a critical need to evaluate the health risks for the population living in the vicinity of a coal-fired power plant in Malaysia. To date, such study related to the plant in Malaysia has never been published. In this study, health risk assessment (HRA) for air emission from a coal-fired power plant in Malaysia was carried out. Two pollutants from the Proposed New Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulation 201X (Draft) (i.e. SO₂ and Hg) were assessed for non-carcinogenic health risk, and two trace elements (i.e. As and Cr) were assessed for carcinogenic health risk. Both short-term and long-term health effects were evaluated. Air dispersion modelling (AERMOD) was used to predict the ground level concentration (GLC) within 10 km radius of the emission source. Based on the HRA, different health risks were identified for short-term and long-term dispersion of the studied pollutants. The findings indicate that a detailed assessment on the short-term and long-term health effects of the emissions from coal-fired power plant in Malaysia with meteorological factor as one of the significant factors influencing the emissions level is needed.     

沼泽湿地生态系统土壤CO2和CH4排放动态及影响因素

湿地在全球陆地生态系统碳循环中具有重要的作用,沼泽湿地温室气体排放特别是CO₂和CH₄排放具有明显的时空变化特征.沼泽湿地CO₂和CH₄的产生和排放与土壤有机碳、溶解有机碳及氮素含量有密切关系,同时受土壤温度和水文条件的影响.三江平原沼泽湿地土壤中CO₂和CH₄具有较高的浓度值,浓集中心位于植物根层(10～35cm), 9月下旬到10月中旬沼泽湿地植物地上部分枯死后,土壤中CH₄和CO₂浓度有阶段性增加的趋势,且土壤中CO₂与CH₄间呈显著正相关关系.沼泽湿地生态系统呼吸及土壤呼吸对CH₄排放通量也有较大的影响,二者间呈显著正相关关系.     

炼油厂废水处理站挥发性羰基化合物成分谱研究

选取广东某大型炼油厂废水处理站进行现场采样,采用PFPH衍生化-GC/MS联用技术分析挥发性羰基化合物(oVOCs)的组成特征和含量水平,研究了其源排放特征、化学反应活性.结果表明,在该废水处理站大气中共检测出20种挥发性羰基化合物,各化合物的浓度范围为0～68.80μg.m-3,各废水处理单元oVOCs总浓度均值为(253.02±124.5)μg.m-3.背景校正后的质量浓度表明,各废水处理单元的大气中14种挥发性羰基化合物均占到总含量的90%以上,其中己醛含量最高,浓度均值达到(44.74±20.89)μg.m-3,其次是2-丁酮和乙醛,浓度均值分别达到(30.47±12.94)μg.m-3、(23.51±14.57)μg.m-3.通过计算化学活性和大气寿命筛选出分子标志物,并建立了废水处理站的oVOCs源成分谱.