Vertical Profile of Acid Volatile Sulfide (AVS) and Risk Assessment of Sediments from Baihua Lake,China

Acid volatile sulfide (AVS), simultaneously extracted metals (SEMs), and total concentrations of trace elements (Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, Hg, As, and Cr) were studied in sediment cores from Baihua Lake in southwest China. The molar ratios of SEMs to AVS for all samples were lower than 1.0 except for the 25- to 30-cm layer of the sample collected at location YPZ, indicating that the heavy metals were currently not significantly bioavailable as a whole to benthic organisms. Based on the sediment quality guidelines and the potential ecological risk assessment, Hg presented a high ecological risk for the water body.     

国家煤炭工业污染物排放标准制订技术方法

新制定的国家《煤炭工业污染物排放标准》将于2006年10月1日正式实施。该标准是基于技术而制订的,它是国家水污染物排放标准体系的重要组成部分。概要介绍该标准的制订思路、技术方法以及确定排放限值的技术依据。     

浅议水雷寿命期内环境条件和边界参数

针对水雷全寿命剖面中环境变量的边界参数进行了深入探讨,为确定水雷全寿命剖面的环境条件边界参数提供了新的研究方向。以确定舰船部署水雷的环境边界参数为案例进行了深入探讨,特别关注了这类水雷在其整个生命周期中的环境条件边界参数,并据此构建了一套用于确定其环境条件边界参数的策略,为水雷产品在其生命周期中环境条件边界参数的确定提供了新的研究方向,这将有助于推动水雷环境工程分析技术的进步,能够更准确地评估水雷的性能和可靠性,从而为水雷的设计和应用提供科学依据。为了进一步提高水雷装备的可靠性和水雷环境工程分析技术,需要对现有的研究思路进行深化和完善,并将其应用于水雷环境条件边界参数的确定过程中,从而为装备建设提供更为坚实的技术支持和依据。     

Temporal and spatial distribution of atmospheric antimony emission inventories from coal combustion in China

A multiple-year inventory of atmospheric antimony (Sb) emissions from coal combustion in China for the period of 1980-2007 has been calculated for the first time. Specifically, the emission inventories of Sb from 30 provinces and 4 economic sectors (thermal power, industry, residential use, and others) are evaluated and analyzed in detail. It shows that the total Sb emissions released from coal combustion in China have increased from 133.19 t in 1980 to 546.67 t in 2007, at an annually average growth rate of 5.4%. The antimony emissions are largely emitted by industrial sector and thermal power generation sector, contributing 53.6% and 26.9% of the totals, respectively. At provincial level, the distribution of Sb emissions shows significant variation. Between 2005 and 2007, provinces always rank at the top five largest Sb emissions are: Guizhou, Hunan, Hebei, Shandong, and Anhui.     

机动车污染排放模型研究综述

过去几十年,为了掌握机动车污染排放的规律和特征,向决策者提供科学有效的机动车污染控制措施,研究者们致力于研究机动车污染物排放的物化原理和影响机动车污染的主要因素,并据此建立多种尺度的机动车排放模型,以模拟城市区域或者街道的污染物排放.为了分析机动车的瞬态排放特征,目前的机动车排放模型研究正逐渐从宏观向微观发展,排放测试方法注重获取逐秒的排放数据,排放模型模拟的时间尺度和空间尺度逐步趋向微观.此外,机动车模型研究正趋向与交通模型进行耦合,从而揭示机动车在实际道路交通流中的排放特征.从机动车排放的主要影响因素、机动车排放测试、机动车排放因子模型及机动车排放清单等4个方面综述了国内外机动车排放研究现状和发展动向,对比并评价各种机动车排放模型方法的优缺点和适用范围,对我国的机动车排放模型发展方向进行了展望.     

典型非金属矿物制造工艺过程源成分谱特征

鉴于我国缺乏非金属矿物制品工艺过程源成分谱(源谱)现状,采用稀释通道系统于2017年2～6月采集了玻璃制造、陶瓷制造和砖瓦制造共6个非金属矿物制品企业排放的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)样品,对样品中的50种化学组分进行分析,构建相应的源谱,并对其特征进行研究.结果表明,玻璃制造源谱中以Na元素为主(质量分数介于9. 2%～18. 5%之间),陶瓷制造源谱中以Al、Si、Ca和Fe等地壳元素为主(质量分数在1. 7%～8. 7%之间),耐火砖和页岩砖源谱则是以SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+等水溶性离子为主,SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+质量分数分别介于36. 9%～48. 1%和7. 7%～17. 0%之间.不同企业因燃料类型、脱硫脱硝除尘方式不同会对源谱中的化学组分产生影响.源谱之间的分歧系数(CD)显示除页岩砖制造外,其余源谱2种粒径之间均较为相似,同粒径不同源谱间均存在差异,浮法玻璃与药用玻璃之间和2个陶瓷企业之间的CD值相对较小.使用R/U值比较源谱间不同组分的差异识别出Na和As元素可作为玻璃制造的标识组分,陶瓷制造可用Al和Ti来识别,NO_3~-和NH_4~+区分耐火砖,SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+识别页岩砖.     

控制稻田甲烷排放的农业管理措施研究

１９９０～１９９２年连续３ａ,对北京和南京具有代表性稻田进行了甲烷排放通量测定。结果表明,甲烷排放日变化规律受土壤理化性质、农业管理措施、气候变化等影响而变化,在下午１５:００～１８:００出现高峰值￣(１－６),甲烷排放季节变化规律在分蘖期和孕穗期两次出现高峰。采取不同的农业管理措施对稻田甲烷排放的影响显著:间歇灌溉对烤田后的稻田能降低甲烷排放又可增加水稻产量;南方地区垅作栽培有利于减少冬水田甲烷排放,北方地区旱种可减少甲烷排放;有机肥能促进甲烷排放,稻田分蘖期和孕穗期施用硫酸铵和尿素能抑制甲烷排放。      

建筑施工扬尘特征与监控指标

建筑施工活动引起的扬尘是我国城市空气颗粒物污染的重要来源,选择天津市一处典型的建筑施工工地作为研究对象,分施工阶段对环境空气PM10、尘源样品和降尘等进行了系统监测实验,得到了建筑扬尘的成分谱(元素、离子和碳组分)和尘源样品的粒径分布.结果表明,建筑施工扬尘的污染特点和化学组成特征与具体施工阶段、施工操作和建筑材料等密切相关.通过采集工地周边的降尘,发现利用降尘可以作为工地扬尘的监控指标.     

Influence of physiological and environmental factors on the diurnal variation in emissions of biogenic volatile compounds from Pinus tabuliformis

Biological volatile organic compounds(BVOCs) have a large influence on atmospheric environmental quality, climate change and the carbon cycle. This study assesses the composition and diurnal variation in emission rates of BVOCs from Pinus tabuliformis, using an enclosure technique. Environmental parameters(temperature and light intensity) and physiological parameters(net photosynthetic rate, P_n; stomatal conductance, g_s; intercellular CO_2 concentration, C_i; and transpiration rate, T_r) that may affect emission behavior were continuously monitored. The 10 most abundant compound groups emitted by P. tabuliformis were classified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The dominant monoterpenoid compounds emitted were α-pinene, β-myrcene, α-farnesene and limonene. The diurnal emission rate of BVOCs changed with temperature and light intensity, with dynamic analysis of BVOCs emissions revealing that their emission rates were more affected by temperature than light. The variation in monoterpene emission rates was consistent with estimates of P_n, g_s and T_r. Basal emission rates(at 30 °C,) of the main BVOCs ranged from 0.006 to 0.273 μg~(-1)/(hr g),while the basal ER standardization coefficients ranged from 0.049 to 0.144 °C~(-1). Overall, these results provide a detailed reference for the effective selection and configuration of tree species to effectively prevent and control atmospheric pollution.     

执行GB 18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》的思考

比较了GB18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》与相关行业和国家标准的特点,指出执行GB18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》的关键应是充分了解和掌握被执行对象所处的地理位置、建厂年限、处理工艺、污染物排放去向及用途等基本信息。提出选择控制项目的确定、监测能力的开发、大气污染物的配套治理手段和超标项目的配套管理办法是执行GB189182002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》时尚需深入解决的问题。