典型有机溶剂使用行业VOCs成分谱及臭氧生成潜势

选取我国北方某重工业城市的家具喷涂、汽车喷涂、印刷打印等典型溶剂使用行业,分析各工艺过程VOCs(挥发性有机化合物)排放的化学成分谱信息,并计算了臭氧生成潜势。现场调研获得其溶剂使用量信息,采用SUMMA罐在车间进行VOCs样品采集,使用气象色谱/质谱系统对样品进行检测。结果表明,各工艺过程排放的TVOCs(VOCs化合物浓度之和)均较高,其中汽车硝基涂料(NC)喷涂工艺排放TVOCs质量浓度最高,达5 520.09μg/m~3,打印店最低,为755.32μg/m~3。对各工艺过程,家具喷涂中聚氨酯涂料(PU)、硝基涂料(NC)喷涂工艺和汽车NC漆喷涂工艺排放的VOCs都以苯系物为主,质量分数均在80%以上,主要组分包括邻-二甲苯、乙苯、甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯、间,对-二甲苯和苯。报纸和铜版纸印刷排放VOCs以烷烃、苯系物为主,两者烷烃质量分数分别为39.51%和33.34%,苯系物质量分数分别为54.80%和51.07%,且报纸印刷排放VOCs主要组分为癸烷、乙苯及1,2,4-三甲苯,报纸和铜版纸印刷排放VOCs主要组分为1-丁烯、间乙基甲苯和对乙基甲苯。打印店排放VOCs中质量分数最高的是烷烃(65.09%)。上述行业臭氧生成潜势最高的是家具PU漆喷涂(5.863 g O_3/g VOCs),其次是家具NC漆喷涂(5.714g O_3/g VOCs)和汽车NC漆喷涂(5.505 g O_3/g VOCs),苯系物为主要贡献物。基于原辅材料消耗量的排放因子法计算出各工艺过程VOCs实际排放量,研究表明家具厂1和2的PU漆喷涂工艺VOCs排放量最高,分别为623.36 t/a和94.72 t/a。     

Volatile organic compound emissions from wastewater treatment plants in Taiwan: legal regulations and costs of control

This study assessed volatile organic compound (VOC) emission characteristics from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in five Taiwanese industrial districts engaged in numerous manufacturing processes, including petrochemical, science-based industry (primarily semiconductors, photo-electronics, electronic products and biological technology), as well as multiple manufacturing processes (primarily pharmaceuticals and paint manufacturing). The most aqueous hydrocarbons dissolved in the wastewater of Taiwanese WWTPs were acetone, acrylonitrile, methylene chloride, and chloroform for the petrochemical districts; acetone, chloroform, and toluene for the science-based districts; and chlorinated and aromatic hydrocarbons for the multiple industrial districts. The aqueous pollutants in the united WWTPs were closely related to the characteristics of the manufacturing plants in the districts. To effectively prevent VOC emissions from the primary treatment section of petrochemical WWTPs, the updated regulations governing VOC emissions were issued by the Taiwanese Environmental Protection Administration in September 2005, legally mandating a seal cover system incorporating venting and air purification equipment. Cost analysis indicates that incinerators with regenerative heat recovery are optimal for treating high VOC concentrations, exceeding 10,000ppm as CH(4), from the oil separation basins. However, the emission concentrations, ranging from 100 to 1000ppm as CH(4) from the other primary treatment facilities and bio-treatment stages, should be collected and then injected into the biological oxidation basins via existing or new blowers. The additional capital and operating costs required to treat the VOC emissions of 1000ppm as CH(4) from primary treatment facilities are less than US$0.1 for perm(3) wastewater treatment capacity.     

燃煤烟尘多环芳烃成分谱特征的研究

为了利用化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型解析煤烟尘对环境空气中多环芳烃的贡献率,建立煤烟尘多环芳烃成分谱是非常必要的.笔者测定了民用燃煤烟尘和工业燃煤烟尘中13种多环芳烃的组成.对分析结果进行归一化后,确定了民用燃煤和工业燃煤多环芳烃成分谱,并进一步讨论了BaP/BghiP,BaP/COR,PYR/BaP,BeP/BaP和IND/BghiP的特征比值,以及多环芳烃的降解对其造成的影响.      

电子产品加工制造企业挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放特征

根据美国EPA挥发性有机物标准检测法TO-11及TO-14/15,采用VOCs快速检测仪、Summa罐及DNPH吸附管,对我国某大型电子产品加工制造企业中不同工艺环节生产车间内部及生产线最终废气排放管道中VOCs含量水平及组分特征进行检测.结果表明,该企业涉及VOCs排放工艺中压铸车间总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)浓度为0.1~0.5 mg·m-3、机加工车间TVOCs浓度为1.5~2.5 mg·m-3、喷涂车间中TVOCs浓度为20~200 mg·m-3,各车间VOCs组分主要包括烷类、烯炔类、芳香类、酮类、酯类和醚类,共20余种.其中涂装车间内苯系物及酮类物质为主要VOCs组分,各物质浓度分别为苯0.02~0.34 mg·m-3、甲苯0.24~3.35 mg·m-3、乙苯0.04~1.33 mg·m-3、对二甲苯0.13~0.96 mg·m-3、邻/间二甲苯0.02~1.18mg·m-3、丙酮0.29~15.77 mg·m-3、2-丁酮0.06~22.88 mg·m-3、环己酮0.02~25.79 mg·m-3、甲基异丁基甲酮0~21.29mg·m-3.根据该企业生产特征及工艺数据计算,其单条生产线VOCs年排放量为14 t,整个厂区年排放量约为840 t.结合生产流程及生产工艺分析,喷涂过程中的溶剂使用是电子产品加工制造企业的VOCs主要排放来源,废气排放口是重点排放点.     

Quantification of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emitted from pig buildings in Korea

The aim of this field study was to determine the concentrations and emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in different types of pig buildings in Korea to allow objective comparison between pig housing types in Korea and other countries. Concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in the pig buildings averaged 7.5ppm and 286.5ppb and ranged from 0.8 to 21.4ppm and from 45.8 to 1235ppb, respectively. The mean emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide per pig (normalized to 75kg liveweight) and area (m2) from pig buildings were 250.2 and 37.8mg/h/pig and 336.3 and 50.9mg/h/m2, respectively. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations and emissions were higher in the pig buildings managed with deep-pit manure systems with slats and mechanical ventilation than in other housing types.     

印刷电路板(PCB)厂挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放指示物筛选

采用VOCs快速测定仪和SUMMA罐采样、GC/MS分析方法,采样分析了上海某工业区3个印刷电路板厂生产车间和废气排放口的VOCs含量水平、组成特征和源成分谱.结果表明,在9月和12月2次采样期间,A、B、H厂生产车间总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)(9月/12月)最高浓度分别为(2.94/2.01)×10-9、(3.18/1.11)×10-6、(0.70/0.18)×10-9;废气排放口TVOCs最高浓度则分别为(0.86/0.90)×10-9、(31.2/12.0)×10-6、(1.24/0.30)×10-9.GC/MS分析结果表明,主要检出了烷烃、烯烃、苯系物、酮类、氯代烷烃、氯代苯类、酯类等7大类共67种VOCs化合物;A、B、H厂生产车间/废气排放口最高检出物和检出浓度分别为:2-丁酮6.73 mg.m-3/2-甲基己烷5.93 mg.m-3、乙酸乙酯8.90 mg.m-3/丙烷9.64 mg.m-3、丙烷2.04 mg.m-3/丙烷1.69 mg.m-3.苯、甲苯、二甲苯检出率均为100%,三厂各点位最高检出浓度/平均浓度分别为0.077 mg.m-3/0.035 mg.m-3、0.56 mg.m-3/0.31 mg.m-3、0.21 mg.m-3/0.12 mg.m-3(间+对-二甲苯)和0.081 mg.m-3/0.050 mg.m-3(邻-二甲苯).源成分谱和PCA分析结果表明,A、B厂的VOCs特征轮廓图谱较相似,特征化合物为苯、甲苯、二甲苯以及丙酮和2-丁酮;H厂主要特征污染物除三苯外,还有氯苯和氯代烷烃类化合物.结合原辅材料及生产工艺分析,溶剂、涂料使用和工艺过程的逸散是生产车间面源VOCs排放的主要来源,废气排放口是VOCs重点排放点源.     

连续施用污泥堆肥土壤剖面中重金属积累迁移特征及对小麦吸收重金属的影响

通过大田试验,定量研究连续施用污泥堆肥后土壤剖面中不同重金属积累迁移和对小麦吸收重金属的影响,为科学确定农田土壤重金属环境容量和农田土壤重金属污染防控提供依据.结果表明,连续4 a施用污泥堆肥农田耕层土壤(0~15cm)中Cu、Zn含量随污泥施用时间和施用量增加而显著增加,污泥施用带入的Cu、Zn在耕层土壤中积累率最高分别可达到75.3%和85.9%;污泥施用量较高时,Cu、Zn向土壤深层迁移,本试验条件下Cu可迁移至15~30 cm土层,Zn可迁移至60~90 cm土层;连续施用污泥堆肥4 a后,0~15 cm土层中Cd、Pb含量显著增加,与对照相比增幅分别是57.2%~165.2%、13%~34%,60~90 cm土层中Cr、As、Pb含量也显著高于对照;连续施用污泥堆肥小麦籽粒中Zn含量显著增加,增幅为13.3%~47.9%.部分污泥处理小麦籽粒中的Cr、Pb含量超出国家食品卫生标准(GB 2762-2012);4 a小麦收获对各重金属累计携出率均低于10%,小麦籽粒对Cu、Zn的累计携出量大于秸秆,而对Cr、As、Cd、Pb的累计携出量小于秸秆.随污泥施用量的增加,小麦收获对各重金属累计携出率降低.确定农田土壤重金属环境容量时要考虑重金属在土壤剖面中的向下迁移量.     

滇池沉积物磷内负荷及其对水体贡献的研究

在滇池全湖选取 1 1 0个采样点 ,调查了沉积物磷的营养状况 ;外海不同方位选取 6个采样点 ,研究了沉积物磷的赋存形态、剖面分布及其对水体的贡献 .结果表明 ,滇池沉积物表层 ( 0～ 5cm)总磷含量主要变化在 2～ 3g·kg-1 ,最大值为 6 6 6g·kg-1 .沉积物剖面表明 ,表层总磷含量远高于底层 ,在 0～ 1 0cm总磷含量随深度增加而迅速降低 .在点 4、点 5和点 6 ,不同形态磷的含量顺序为NaOH P ,Org P >HCl P >BD P >NH4Cl P .滇池南部 (S1、S2 )沉积物钙结合态磷含量较高 ,表现为HCl P >NaOH P ,Org P >BD P >NH4Cl P(表层 0～ 2 0cm) .沉积物表层 0～ 1 0cm活性磷含量很高 ,且随深度增加含量急剧下降 ,滇池北部沉积物具有很大的释磷潜力 .可溶性磷在水 土界面的浓度梯度为沉积物磷向水体扩散提供了条件 ,在外源减少的情况下沉积物磷内负荷将在一定时间内成为滇池富营养化的主导因子     

上海市化石燃料排放二氧化碳贡献量的研究

采用ORNL提出的化石燃料燃烧排放二氯化碳的计算方法研究了上海市1994～2005年二氯化碳的排放量。得出上海化石燃料排放的二氯化碳将由1994年的3299．7万t增加到2005年的4493．44万t。同时得出煤炭、石油、天然气排放的二氯化碳比重将分别由1994年的84．03％下降到2005年的72．04％，1994年的15．97％上升到2005年的18．35％、2000年的0.38％上升到2005年的4.1％。     

Chemical and olfactive impacts of organic matters on odor emission patterns from the simulated construction and demolition waste landfills

The explosive increase of construction and demolition waste (CDW) caused the insufficient source separation and emergency disposal at domestic waste landfills in many developing countries. Some organic fractions were introduced to the CDW landfill process and resulted in serious odor pollution. To comprehensively explore the impacts of organic matters on odor emission patterns, five CDW landfills (OIL), with organic matters/ inert CDW components (O/I) from 5% to 30%, and the control group only with inert components (IL) or organics (OL) were simulated at the laboratory. The chemical and olfactive characters of odors were evaluated using the emission rate of 94 odorants content (ER_total), theory odor concentration (TOC_total), and e-nose concentration (ER_ENC), and their correlations with waste properties were also analyzed. It was found that the main contributors to ER_total (IL: 93.0% NH₃; OIL: 41.6% sulfides, 31.0% NH₃, 25.9% oxygenated compounds) and TOC total (IL: 64.1% CH₃SH, 28.2% NH₃; OIL: 71.7% CH₃SH, 24.8% H₂S) changed significantly. With the rise of O/I, ER_total, TOC_total, and ER_ENC increased by 10.9, 20.6, and 2.1 times, respectively. And the organics content in CDW should be less than 10% (i.e., DOC<101.3 mg/L). The good regressions between waste properties (DOC, DN, pH) and ${\mathrm{ER}}_{\stackrel{?}{\mathrm{ENC}}}$ (r=0.86, 0.86, -0.88, p<0.05), ${\mathrm{TOC}}_{\stackrel{?}{\mathrm{total}}}$ (r=0.82, 0.79, -0.82, p<0.05) implied that the carbon sources and acidic substances relating to organics degradation might result in that increase. Besides, the correlation analysis results (${\mathrm{ER}}_{\stackrel{?}{\mathrm{ENC}}}$ vs. ${\mathrm{TOC}}_{\stackrel{?}{\mathrm{total}}}$, r=0.96, p<0.01; vs. ${\mathrm{ER}}_{\stackrel{?}{\mathrm{total}}}$, r=0.86, p<0.05) indicated that e-nose perhaps was a reliable odor continuous monitoring tool for CDW landfills.