冲突分析理论方法及其在环境管理中的实例研究

对冲突分析的基本概念和原理做了简要介绍,以环境规划管理的的业务为背景,指出冲突问题的广泛存在和研究冲突分析的必要性,并就＂污染集中治理的投资分摊问题＂进行深入地探讨,提出了5种协商解,通过分析比较,推荐＂不次于N－1方合作收益的协商解＂作为一般问题的解,对于同情弱势方的仲裁者,则推荐＂以不合作为现状点的基于满意度的协商解＂。     

流域计算机集成模型系统及其在水库流域水质规划中的应用

随着社会的发展,流域中出现了新的问题和特征,流域规划和管理越来越复杂,传统的方法和工具已不能充分满足流域规划和管理的需要．因此本文以开放复杂巨系统研究方法论为指导,提出了流域计算机集成模型系统的概念,探讨了其构成和结构．指出该系统应是专家系统、地理信息系统、遥感、全球定位系统、数据库技术、数学模拟和优化等多技术综合集成的系统．最后对其在水库流域水质规划中的应用进行了初步的探讨．     

项目EIA与区域环境规划的协调途径探讨

通过对项目ＥＩＡ与区域环境规划的概念,性质,内容,方法及在环境管理中作用的论述,指出了二者在实施中存在的问题,阐明了它们的特点与相互关系,同时结合我国当前的环境状况与面临的形势及对环境管理新的要求,提出了在今后的实施中应注意协调的原则和方法。     

Application of microcosm and species sensitivity distribution approaches in the ecological hazard assessment of 4-tert-butylphenol

In order to evaluate the ecological hazard of 4-tert-butylphenol (4-TBP), species abundances and physicochemical properties were monitored for 63 days in a microcosm system containing planktonic algae, rotifers, shrimps and Daphnia. The 63 days-NOEC (no observed effect concentration) of 4-TBP for this system was calculated. At the same time, species sensitivity distribution curves were constructed based on the toxicity data of EC₁₀, EC₅₀ and NOEC derived from laboratory single-species toxicity tests, which further gives no obvious hazard concentrations for 95% species in the ecosystem (HC₅). In both the microcosm and the single-species tests, the shrimp (Neocaridina sp.) was the most sensitive species to 4-TBP exposure, while most algae species were relatively insensitive compared to the zooplankton. For the microcosm exposed to 4-TBP, significant changes occurred to the community structure instead of the community function, resulting in a NOEC_microcosm of 265.38?μg?L^–1 which approached the EC₁₀-based HC₅ (0.376?mg?L^–1). Nevertheless, EC₅₀-based HC₅ was higher than the NOEC_microcosm, and the NOEC-based HC₅ was lower. The data showed that the EC₁₀-based HC₅ was protective at the similar level with the result of microcosm for 4-TBP, providing supportive data for chemical risk assessment.     

城市生活垃圾管理规划优化研究

通过研究为城市生活垃圾规划管理系统建立了不确定性多目标规划模型 ,并将其应用于深圳市。目前深圳市主要有 2种处理方式 :焚烧和填埋。根据不确定性多目标规划模型 ,在此就深圳市内生活垃圾处理规划未来 5a内(2 0 0 3～ 2 0 0 7年 )进行了 4种情景计算和分析 ,包括 :保证系统经济投入最小化 ;保证处理过程中大气污染最小化 ;保证处理过程中地下水污染最小化 ;以及结合当地专家和政府部门的偏好等。根据结果比较 ,认为第 4种处理方案最为科学。     

天然针阔混交林优势种群间联结关系

运用２ ×２ 联列表,通过方差分析、χ２ 检验、联结系数Ｃ、Ｏｃｈｉａｉ 系数、Ｃｚｅｋａｎｏｗｓｋｉ 系数和Ｊａｃｃａｒｄ 系数等系列方法,测定了天然针阔混交林１５ 个优势种群间的总体联结关系,各种对间联结显著性和关联系数．研究表明：中亚热带针阔混交林的种间联结测定使用上述系列技术效果很佳．运用方差分析揭示出多物种整体间的联结关系;χ２ 检验揭示出成对物种间联结的性质和程度;Ｏｃｈｉａｉ、Ｃｚｅｋａｎｏｗｓｋｉ 和Ｊａｃｃａｒｄ 系数可表明种对的联结程度和相伴随出现的机率．结果表明：多物种间的整体联结关系为显著的正联结;χ２ 统计量检验了１０５ 个种对,其中９ 个种对呈现极显著的正联结;２ 个种对为显著的正联结;４ 个种对呈现显著的负联结．马尾松（ Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｍａｓｓｏｎｉａｎａ）与常绿阔叶林优势树种间的联结关系很弱,反映出天然针阔混交林的成熟性     

Change in Fish Fauna as Indication of Aquatic Ecosystem Condition in Río Grande de Morelia–Lago de Cuitzeo Basin, Mexico

Chirostoma charari and C. compressum, and they are presumed extinct. Twelve (63%) of the remaining species had declines in distribution. Sixteen (80%) of the 20 localities sampled had lost species. The greatest declines occurred in Lago de Cuitzeo proper and in the lower portion of the Río Grande de Morelia watershed. Species losses from the lake were attributable to drying and hypereutrophication of the lake because of substantial reductions in the amount and quality of tributary inputs, whereas losses from the Río Grande de Morelia watershed were the result of pollution from agricultural, municipal, and industrial sources, especially in the region around the city of Morelia. Three localities in the upper portion of the Río Grande de Morelia watershed—Cointzio reservoir, La Mintzita spring, and Insurgente Morelos stream—contained most of the remaining fish species diversity in the basin and deserve additional protection. Fish faunal changes indicated major declines in the health of aquatic ecosystems in the Morelia–Cuitzeo basin.     

HISTORICAL AND SOCIOPOLITICAL CONTEXT OF THE WESTERN WATERSHEDS MOVEMENT1

ABSTRACT: The 1990s have featured a rapid proliferation of “watershed initiatives” in the western United States and elsewhere. Watershed initiatives are ad hoc, voluntary associations typically featuring both governmental and non-governmental actors organized together to collaboratively seek new strategies for addressing water and related natural resource problems at physically relevant regional scales. These efforts are a response to historical and sociopolitical trends that have resulted in increasingly ineffective forums and processes of resource management decision-making, and that have subordinated the role of local stakeholders in problem-solving efforts. In most cases, watershed initiatives appear to provide a pragmatic vehicle for resource managers and stakeholders to address common concerns in a more efficient manner than is otherwise possible, and as such, deserve further application and continued support.     

BENEFITS FROM MANAGING FARM PRODUCED NUTRIENTS1

Manures and fertilizers are applied to agricultural lands in excess of recommended amounts, resulting in widespread pollution of surface and ground water and contributing a substantial source of greenhouse gases associated with global warming. By developing policies that exploit the value of farm produced nutrients, input costs can be minimized. Better accounting for or crediting of farm produced nutrients is leading to economically beneficial conservation of fertilizer. In addition, hog producers who own enough land may benefit from properly managing manure nutrients. Poultry litter is valuable as fertilizer and can be marketed by independent dealers to farmers in nutrient deficit areas, with very modest assistance from the government. Dairy producers may modify their past income support programs to finance central compost facilities. Although nutrient problems were neglected in the past, recent Federal initiatives and joint initiatives with states exploit many of these and other opportunities to avoid excessive application of nutrients to the land.