土霉素对SBR系统细菌的抑制效应与机制研究

基于SBR系统,从脱氮过程、化学需氧量(COD)的去除过程、胞外聚合物(EPS)的总量变化过程、比呼吸速率(SOUR)的变化过程及微生物群落的变化等多个角度出发,较系统地研究了不同浓度土霉素对SBR系统的冲击作用.结果表明,由于土霉素(OTC)的作用,系统氨氮去除率从空白对照组的99.0%分别下降至77.2%(OTC 1 mg·L~(-1))、47.4%(OTC 5 mg·L~(-1))及10.0%(OTC 10 mg·L~(-1)).此外,高浓度土霉素(10mg·L~(-1))引起EPS分泌量和异养菌SOUR分别下降至空白组的44.3%和41.2%.由高通量分析可得,由于高浓度土霉素(5 mg·L~(-1)以上)的作用,活性污泥中微生物的多样性显著下降,且微生物的群落结构也发生显著变化.属层面的分析可得,高浓度土霉素(5 mg·L~(-1)以上)反应器中的部分氨氧化菌,如Nitrospira和Nitrosomonas均受到了抑制.     

微生物燃料电池恒电流预培养阳极生物膜分析表征

阳极性能是影响微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel Cells,MFCs)性能的关键因素之一,同时阳极的接种挂膜过程是影响微生物燃料电池启动效率的关键因素.因此,本课题组提出了预培养阳极作为微生物燃料电池的一种新型阳极的概念,在三电极体系下,通过外加恒定电流预培养阳极,在不同条件下对阳极表面进行电化学选择和生物膜驯化以丰富生物膜结构和厚度.结果表明,阳极的性能与预培养电流大小密切相关,预培养阳极CF-4i(外加4 A·m-2电流密度)通过循环伏安法、塔菲尔曲线、电化学阻抗谱测试,性能好于其他测试组及对照组,装配阳极CF-4i的微生物燃料电池能实现最大功率密度968.20 m W·m-2,是对照组的2.53倍.同时,通过共聚焦显微镜观察发现,生物膜大体分两层,外层的活细胞及内层的死细胞,外层活细胞长在内层死细胞之上.这种结构分布表明,阳极生物膜中的活细胞部分绝大多数都分布于生物膜的外侧,而不是均布于整个阳极生物膜中;同时这也表明不是整个阳极生物膜都具有新陈代谢活性,但死亡的细胞可以继续积累在电极表面附近,活的外层膜负责电流的产生,而内层的死细胞作为一种导电基质.     

海潮引起的海底承压含水层系统中地下水位的波动——海底弱透水层的弹性储水效应

研究了由潜水含水层、在海底延伸的承压含水层和介于其间的弱透水层构成的滨海含水层系统中,弱透水层的弹性储水以及含水层的海潮荷载效应对承压含水层中的地下水位的影响.研究结果表明,当海底弱透水层延伸足够长时,它的弹性储水对承压含水层中的海潮引起的水头波动有增强作用.     

Heavy metals in untreated/treated urban effluent and sludge from a biological wastewater treatment plant

Background, Aim and Scope

The presence of heavy metals in wastewater is one of the main causes of water and soil pollution. The aim of the present study was to investigate the removal of Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Mn, Cr and Zn in urban effluent by a biological wastewater treatment, as well as to quantify the levels of As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Tl, V and Zn in dewatering sludge from the Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant to Ribeirão Preto (RP-BWTP), Brazil.

Materials and Methods

Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn and Pb in wastewater and those of Ni in sludge were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with graphite furnace atomization. Mercury concentrations in wastewater were measured by hydride generation atomic spectrophotometry, and Zn levels were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using acetylene flame. In sludge, the levels of As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Sn, Tl, V and Zn were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.

Results

The percentages of removal efficiency (RE) were the following: Hg 61.5%, Cd 60.0%, Zn 44.9%, Cu 44.2%, PB 39.7%, Cr 16,5% and Mn 10.4%. In turn, the mean concentrations (mg/kg) of metals in dewatering sludge followed this increasing order: Tl (<0.03), Hg (0.31), Be (0.43), As (1.14), Cd (1.34), V (59.2), Pb (132.1), Sn (166.1), Cr (195.0), Mn (208.1), Ni (239.4), Cu (391.7), Zn (864.4) and Fe (20537).

Discussion

The relationship between metal levels in untreated wastewater, as well as the removal efficiency are in agreement with previous data from various investigators, It is important to note that metal removal efficiency is not only affected by metal ion species and concentration, but also by other conditions such as operating parameters, physical, chemical, and biological factors.

Conclusions

Metal values recorded for treated wastewater and sludge were within the maximum permitted levels established by the Environmental Sanitation Company (CETESB), São Paulo, Brazil.

Recommendations

There is an urgent need for the authorities who are responsible for legislation on sludge uses in agriculture of establishing safety levels for As, Be, Hg, Sn, Tl and V.

Perspectives

According to the current metal levels, RP-BWTP sludge might be used for agriculture purposes. However, for an environmentally safe use of sewage sludge, further studies including systematic monitoring are recommended. Annual metal concentrations and predicted variations of those elements in the sludge should be monitored.

     

气浮过滤法处理印染废水

高效气浮工艺是处理印染废水的有效方法,通过在溶气罐中使用高效填料、优化设计溶气释放器及使用双层快滤,可大大提高处理效果。     

肥料投入水平与养分资源高效利用的关系

提高资源利用效率是实现农业可持续发展目标的核心,本文以山东省和全国作物施肥现状研究为基础,探讨了肥料投入与养分资源效率及环境风险的关系。从区域、农户和 吨粮田不同层次上的分析表明,高投入下可以实现高效率,关键是提高综合管理的科学水平;经济作物生产中存在经济效益和资源效率分离的现象,生产者受经济利益驱动,大量投入肥料,由此会带来极低的资源效率和巨大的环境风险;在注意经济发达地区高化肥投入带来的环境问题的同时,还需要关注发展高经济价值作物带来的低资源效率和高环境风险。     

优质稻的穗肥施用技术研究

优质稻田间穗肥试验表明,在叶色转赤的基础上,施穗肥一般以复合肥112.5~150.0 kg/hm2加氯化钾37.5 kg/km2为宜; 施穗肥比不施穗肥增产10.7%~15.5%。施穗肥的效果还与肥料中的氮钾比例有关,N∶K2O以1∶0.7~1.0较适宜。     

几种水稻涂层专用肥一次性施用的肥效试验

一次性施用水稻涂层专用肥,水稻在整个生育期内均能正常生长。几种水稻涂层专用肥的肥效试验表明,水稻专用涂层复混肥1号成本低、增产稳定,值得推广应用。     

北京首都机场绿色滑行时间估算

采用北京首都机场2014年实际CDM地面放行数据确定航空器的污染物排放量与离场排队飞机数量和落地滑入飞机数量的强关联性,构建包含这两个解释变量为影响因素的多元线性回归模型,用以估算几种常见机型在首都机场地面运行时的最小污染物排放量和绿色滑行时间。对比实际污染物排放量与最小污染物排放量,得出首都机场离场地面污染物排放量远远超过最小污染物排放量。     

Institutional Constraints on Cost‐Effective Water Management: Selenium Contamination in Colorado's Lower Arkansas River Valley

Ground and surface water selenium (Se) contamination is problematic throughout the world, leading to harmful impacts on aquatic life, wildlife, livestock, and humans. A groundwater reactive transport model was applied to a regional‐scale irrigated groundwater system in the Lower Arkansas River Basin in southeastern Colorado to identify management practices that remediate Se contamination. The system has levels of surface water and groundwater Se concentrations exceeding the respective chronic standard and guidelines. We evaluate potential solutions by combining the transport model with an assessment of the cost to employ those practices. We use a framework common in economics and engineering fields alike, the Pareto frontier, to show the impact of four different best management practices on the tradeoffs between Se and cost objectives. We then extend that analysis to include institutional constraints that affect the economic feasibility associated with each practice. Results indicate that although water‐reducing strategies have the greatest impact on Se, they are the hardest for farmers to implement given constraints common to western water rights institutions. Therefore, our analysis shows that estimating economic and environmental tradeoffs, as is typically done with a Pareto frontier, will not provide an accurate picture of choices available to farmers where institutional constraints should also be considered.