Modelling radiative balance in a row-crop canopy: Row-soil surface net radiation partition

Row crops like vineyards undergo various and significant manipulations of training system and cultural practices, which strongly influence the quality of products. Variations of water vapour fluxes from the soil surface and the leaves in the row volume are closely linked to the ratio of energy available to each compartment. A physically realistic model of available energy partition between the rows and the soil surface is therefore a key factor towards optimization of such systems, and must be included in canopy models. A number of available models were not directly validated. The purpose of the study was therefore to design a model of net radiation partition and check it directly.The model of net radiation partition between rows (Rnv), considered as a whole, and intervening soil surface (Rns) of a row-crop canopy was developed from physically realistic yet simple assumptions:

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global solar (short wave) radiation partition was calculated by a previously validated geometric model;

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long-wave radiative fluxes between the soil surface, the rows and the atmosphere were calculated from the corresponding view factors, which only depended on canopy geometry;

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atmospheric radiation was estimated by a simple empirical relation based on air temperature as the only input variable;

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air temperature in the vicinity of leaves replaced leaf surface temperatures as a more convenient input variable, with little loss of information.

The input variables were incoming direct and diffuse solar radiation, soil surface mean temperature and air temperature near the leaves. The main parameters were soil and leaf albedos, row porosity and dimensions.A direct validation of the model was attempted by measuring net radiation above the canopy and at five positions above the soil surface in a vineyard of the Bordeaux area. The reliability of soil surface net radiation measurements was estimated by thorough error propagation analysis. When found significant, errors were corrected and finally soil surface net radiation data were corrected only for delay in direct downward solar radiation striking net radiometers, because canopy was discontinuous and height of net radiometers was not negligible compared to canopy height.In these conditions, model calculations were in agreement with measurements, although the model slightly underestimated Rns and therefore overestimated Rnv. As the mean error was about 20 W m⁻², and therefore compatible with instrument accuracy, the results were considered satisfactory.This available energy partition model is able to estimate radiative balance in various canopy systems and in various thermal environment conditions, leading to easier simulations of energy balance and water fluxes. It could therefore be a useful tool for optimizing row-crop canopies, taking fully into account any kind of present or future thermal environment.     

Adding rigor to ecological network models by evaluating a set of pre-balance diagnostics: A plea for PREBAL

The widespread use of ecological network models (e.g., Ecopath, Econetwrk, and related energy budget models) has been laudable for several reasons, chief of which is providing an easy-to-use set of modeling tools that can present an ecosystem context for improved understanding and management of living marine resources (LMR). Yet the ease-of-use of these models has led to two challenges. First, the veritable explosion of the use and application of these network models has resulted in recognition that the content and use of such models has spanned a range of quality. Second, as these models and their application have become more widespread, they are increasingly being used in a LMR management context. Thus review panels and other evaluators of these models would benefit from a set of rigorous and standard criteria from which the basis for all network models and related applications for any given system (i.e., the initial, static energy budget) can be evaluated. To this end, as one suggestion for improving network models in general, here I propose a series of pre-balance (PREBAL) diagnostics. These PREBAL diagnostics can be done, now, in simple spreadsheets before any balancing or tuning is executed. Examples of these PREBAL diagnostics include biomasses, biomass ratios, vital rates, vital rate ratios, total production, and total removals (and slopes thereof) across the taxa and trophic levels in any given energy budget. I assert that there are some general ecological and fishery principles that can be used in conjunction with PREBAL diagnostics to identify issues of model structure and data quality before balancing and dynamic applications are executed. I humbly present this PREBAL information as a simple yet general approach that could be easily implemented, could be considered for further incorporation into these model packages, and as such would ultimately result in a straightforward way to evaluate (and perhaps identify areas for improving) initial conditions in food web modeling efforts.     

低磷胁迫下大麦磷高效基因型的筛选

为获得大麦（Hordeumv ulgare Linn.）磷高效育种的材料,分别在土壤有效磷质量分数为1.32和36.6mg·kg-1的条件下,对180个大麦品种进行磷高效材料的筛选和鉴定研究。结果发现,不同品种中磷高效差异很大;中国大麦茎干重和地上重极显著高于美国大麦（P=0.000）;裸大麦（H.vulgare var.nudum）有效穗、分蘖数和茎干重极显著高于皮大麦（H.oldeum vulgateL.）;多棱大麦（Hordeum vulgareL.）分蘖数、茎干重和地上干重极显著高于二棱大麦（Hordeum distichon L.）。磷效率用耐低磷力和品种适应性来描述,用籽粒产量计算耐低磷力,云啤1号（122.3%,231.43%）、Z050P004Q（109.81%,214.40%）和YS500（101.08%,566.14%）等是供试样品中磷高效较高的品种。该实验结果为云南地区进一步选育磷高效的大麦品种提供了材料。     

改性膨润土对J酸溶液和废母液处理效果

研究了改性膨润土对Ｊ酸溶液和Ｊ酸废母液的处理效果,结果表明,改性膨润土对Ｊ酸溶液的处理效果比Ｊ酸废母液要好,对Ｊ酸废母液的去除效果与ｐＨ和硫酸钠含量有关,在中性或弱碱性条件下,硫酸钠含量越低。对Ｊ酸废母液的去除率越高,最高可达到５０％左右。     

循环流化床排烟脱硫模型

以微元分析为基础并建立数据模型,分析了床内气、液相温度的变化对液滴 蒸发和对就内传热质过程的影响以及床内气、液相温度沿床高的变化趋势,并且模拟了排烟循环流化床脱硫过程,对钙硫摩尔比Ｃａ／Ｓ,入口烟气温度Ｔｇ,雾化半径ｒ０等参数对脱硫率的影响进行了分析。并与实验结果进行了比较,在下硫比等于１．４,床内温度接近露点温度的情况下,脱硫效率可以达到９６％以上,计算结果与实验结果符合很好。     

城市污水处理厂沼气发电的两种方式

作为污泥厌氧消化处理的副产品,沼气是城市污水厂极具有使用价值的能源,本文主要介绍了城市污水处理厂沼气发电的两种方式：沼气发电机和沼气燃烧电池发电。     

Cl~-含量对含油污泥絮凝效果的影响

针对化学混凝处理含油污泥中混凝剂投加量大而混凝效率较低的问题,通过实验研究了Ｃｌ－对混凝剂处理含油污泥絮凝效率的影响。实验中采用抽滤的方法来测定絮凝效率。实验结果表明Ｃｌ－是影响絮凝效率的重要因素,Ｃｌ－＜１００００ｍｇ／Ｌ时,Ａｌ２（ＳＯ４）３、ＰＡＣ混凝效果较好,Ｃｌ－＞２００００ｍｇ／Ｌ时,ＰＡＭ的混凝效果较好。     

高压注入和等压扩散条件下N2置换煤中CH4的研究

为探究注气置换抽采煤层瓦斯的效果,揭示注弱吸附性气体N2在等压扩散和高压注入2种条件下置换煤中CH4的机理,采用自行搭建的含瓦斯煤多元气体置换试验装置,开展等压扩散和高压注入2种条件下注N2置换煤中CH4的试验研究.研究结果表明:在注N2量相同的条件下,等压扩散置换量始终高于高压注气置换量,在等压扩散下N2置换CH4效...     

压力溶气气浮工艺中溶气效率测定方法述评

气浮工艺中溶气效率高低直接影响到回流水量的大小 ,即决定着运行费用的高低。对气浮工艺设计者和运营者来讲 ,达到并维持较高溶气效率是优先考虑的问题 ,而对新型气浮设备研发者而言 ,了解并确定其在不同工况下的溶气效率也是至关重要的。就已有溶气效率的测定方法进行了分类介绍与评价。     

柴油车排气微粒捕集用复合金属丝网的制备与性能研究

论述了用于柴油车排气微粒捕集器的复合金属丝网的制备和测试过程 ,讨论了丝网层数和涂层负载对复合金属丝网过滤性能的影响 ,并分析了其捕集机理