Biodegradation of Trifluralin in Harran Soil

Abstract

Degradation of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) was investigated in soils taken from three different locations at Harran region of Turkey under laboratory conditions. Surface (0–10 cm) soils, which were taken from a pesticide untreated field Gürgelen, Harran-1 and Ikizce regions in the Harran Plain, were incubated in biometer flasks for 350 days at 25°C. Ring-UL-¹⁴C-trifluralin was applied at the rate of 2 µg g^?1 with 78.7 kBq radioactivity per 100 g soil flask. Evolved ¹⁴CO₂ was monitored in KOH traps throughout the experiment. Periodically, soil sub-samples were removed and extracted by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Unextractable soil-bound ¹⁴C residues were determined by combustion. During the 350 days incubation period 6.6, 5.4, and 3.3% of the applied radiocarbon was evolved as ¹⁴CO₂ from the Harran-1, Gürgelen, and Ikizce soil, respectively. At the end of 350 days the SFE-extractable and bound ¹⁴C-trifluralin residues were 39.0 and 29.2% of the initially applied herbicide in Gürgelen soil. The corresponding values for Harran-1 and Ikizce soils were 36.2, 28.4% and 41.6, 18.5% respectively.     

Carbofuran degradation in soil profiles

Abstract

Two soils, Puyallup fine sandy loam from Puyallup, WA, and Ellzey fine sand from Hastings, FL, each with a prior history of carbofiiran exposure but with different pedological and climatological characteristics, were found to exhibit enhanced degradation toward carbofiiran in surface and subsurface soil layers. The treated Puyallup and Ellzey soils exhibited higher mineralization rates for both the carbonyl and the aromatic ring of carbofiiran when compared to untreated soils. Disappearance rates of [¹⁴C‐URL (uniformly ring labeled)] carbofiiran in the treated Ellzey soil was faster than in untreated soil, and also faster in surface soil than in subsurface soil. Initial degradation patterns in the treated Ellzey soil were also different from those in the untreated soil. The treated Ellzey soil degraded carbofuran mainly through biological hydrolysis, while untreated soil degraded carbofuran through both oxidative and hydrolytic processes.     

2株油烟降解优势菌株的筛选及性能研究

通过以油烟冷凝液为惟一碳源的选择培养基初筛,从长期受到油烟严重污染的土壤中筛选出具有降解油烟污染物能力的优势菌株XJ01、XJ03。研究了其最佳生长条件及降解性能,并对其进行了生理生化特征及分子生物学鉴定。研究表明,XJ01、XJ03最佳生长温度分别为35℃、30℃,最佳生长pH均为7,摇床转速均为120r／min,最佳降解时间分别为48h和36h;在最佳降解条件下,xJ01、XJ03总降解量分别达4．47113g／L和4．18ing／L,降解过程中,降解液pH值持续下降,生物量先增加后下降。经分子生物学鉴定,菌株XJ01、XJ03分别与铜绿假单胞菌群（Pseudomonasaeruginosagroup）和克雷伯氏菌属（Klebsiellasp．）同源性最高均达到100％。     

Atrazine degradation in a containerized rhizosphere system

Abstract

The effect of atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine) on rhizosphere microorganisms and its fate in a containerized rhizosphere system was studied. The rhizosphere system consisted of corn grown in pot containing a defined potting mix of sand and bark with atrazine. Sterilized potting mix and a container without plants served as controls. Atrazine was extracted and analyzed via HPLC. Fluorescent pseudomonad populations increased 100‐fold in the rhizposphere during a 60‐day incubation period as compared to the nonvegetated control. Atrazine degradation was higher in the rhizosphere system (half‐life of 7 days) compared to the nonvegetated control (half‐life of greater than 45 days). The major degradation product detected in the rhizosphere system was deisopropylatrazine; other products detected included deethylatrazine, deethylhydroxyatrazine, deisopropylatrazine and hydroxyatrazine. Hydroxyatrazine was detected in the nonvegetated and sterile controls. The containerized rhizosphere system provides an experimental system to study the fate of pesticidal chemicals as well as the effects on microbial populations.     

Degradation behaviour of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in water as affected by pH

Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, a new herbicide belonging to the sulfonylurea group, is used for weed control in rice crops growing in areas varying from acidic to alkaline soils. This study was undertaken to determine the degradation behaviour of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in distilled water and buffer solutions at pH 4, 7 and 9. Degradation was pH-dependent and herbicide was least persistent in acidic pH followed by alkaline and neutral pH. The half-life of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl varied from 2.6 days (pH 4) to 19.4 days (pH 7) and half-life in distilled water was comparable to half-life at pH 7 buffer. HPLC analysis of different pH samples showed the formation of three metabolites viz., 5-(aminosulfonyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid; ethyl 5-(aminosulfonyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate and 2-amino-4,6-dimethoxy pyrimidine. The formation of pyrazosulfuron acid [5-([([(4,6-dimethoxy-2 pyrimidinyl)-amino]-carbonyl) amino]-sulfonyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid] was not observed at any pH. The study indicated that the herbicide was least stable under acidic conditions and the predominant degradation route of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in water is hydrolysis of sulfonamide linkage.     

高效石油烃降解菌SKD-1的分离、筛选及其降解性能

从孤岛油田石油污染土壤中分离到一株高效石油降解菌,命名为SKD-1。该菌株菌落表面湿润光滑、边缘整齐、圆形、不透明、乳黄色,能够利用葡萄糖和淀粉作为其生长的碳源和能源,其最适生长环境为碱性（pH8-10）,在分别以正十六烷烃和原油为惟一碳源,温度为30℃,摇床（180r／min）培养的条件下,菌株SKD-1的降解率分别为66．1％和36．9％。16SrRNA基因序列分析表明,菌株SKD-1与不动杆菌AcinetobactercalcoaceticusSY-1同源性达99％。结合菌株SKD．1菌落形态、理化性质以及系统发育分析,可以鉴定菌株SKD-1属于不动杆菌属（Acinetobactersp．）,序列登录号为AB774229。     

Modelling the dissipation kinetics of six commonly used pesticides in two contrasting soils of New Zealand

We used three non-linear bi-phasic models, bi-exponential (BEXP), first-order double exponential decay (FODED), and first-order two-compartment (FOTC), to fit the measured degradation data for six commonly used pesticides (atrazine, terbuthylazine, bromacil, diazinon, hexazinone and procymidone) in two New Zealand soils. Corresponding DT₅₀ and DT₉₀ values for each compound were numerically obtained and compared against those estimated by simple first-order kinetic (SFOK) model. All 3 non-linear models gave good fit of the measured data under both soil depths and were well supported by the values obtained for the respective statistical indices (RMSE, CRM and r ²). The FOTC model gave by far the best fit for most compounds, followed by the FODED and BEXP models. Overall, DT₅₀ values derived by non-linear models for the six compounds in soils from both sites were lower than the values obtained by the SFOK model. Differences in the SFOK and the three non-linear models derived DT₉₀were, however, an order of magnitude higher for some compounds, while for others differences were very small. Although all three non-linear models described most data by giving excellent fits, in a few instances > 5–10% asymptotes hindered the estimation of DT₉₀ values. This work shows that when degradation deviates from first-order kinetic, application of non-linear decay models to describe the kinetics of degradation becomes important in order to derive the true end-points for pesticides in soil.     

Kinetics and mechanism of the hydrolysis of thiamethoxam

The degradation of thiamethoxam [(EZ)-3-(2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl-methyl)-5-methyl-1,3,5-oxadiazinan-4-ylidene (nitro) amine] insecticide in buffers at different pH and temperature levels was investigated in laboratory studies. Acidic hydrolysis under conventional heating conditions and alkaline hydrolysis under both conventional heating and microwave conditions were carried out. Different hydrolysis products were found to form under alkaline and acidic conditions. Hydrolysis of thiamethoxam in acidic, neutral and alkaline buffers followed first-order reaction rate kinetics at pH 4, 7 and 9.2, respectively. Thiamethoxam readily hydrolyzed in alkaline buffer but was comparatively stable in neutral buffer solution. The main products formed under different conditions were characterized on the basis of infrared (IR), ¹H-NMR and Mass spectroscopy. The possible mechanisms for the formation of these hydrolysis products have also been proposed.     

Sorption and degradation of neonicotinoid insecticides in tropical soils

ABSTRACT

Neonicotinoids are the most widely applied class of insecticides in cocoa farming in Ghana. Despite the intensive application of these insecticides, knowledge of their fate in the Ghanaian and sub-Saharan African environment remains low. This study examined the behavior of neonicotinoids in soils from cocoa plantations in Ghana by estimating their sorption and degradation using established kinetic models and isotherms. Studies of sorption were conducted using the batch equilibrium method on imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, acetamiprid and thiacloprid, while degradation of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and their respective deuterated counterparts was studied using models proposed by the European forum for coordination of pesticide fate and their use (FOCUS). Analytes were extracted using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) procedure and quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Average recoveries were high (≥ 85%) for all analytes. The findings from the study suggest that neonicotinoid insecticides may be persistent in the soils studied based on estimated half-lives > 150 days. The study also revealed generally low-sorption coefficients for neonicotinoids in soils, largely influenced by soil organic carbon.     

Degradation of alachlor using an enhanced sono-Fenton process with efficient Fenton's reagent dosages

In this study, an enhanced sono-Fenton process for the degradation of alachlor is presented. At high ultrasonic power, low pH, and in the presence of adequate Fenton's reagent dosages, alachlor degradation can reach nearly 100%. The toxicity of treated alachlor wastewater, which was measured by changes in cell viability, slightly decreased after the Fenton or ultrasound/H₂O₂ process and significantly decreased after the enhanced sono-Fenton process. A satisfactory relationship was observed between the total organic carbon removal and cell viability increment, indicating that alachlor mineralization is a key step in reducing the toxicity of the solution. The formation of alachlor degradation byproducts was observed during the oxidation process, in which the first step was the substitution of a chloride by a hydroxyl group. In conclusion, the enhanced sono-Fenton process was effective in the degradation and detoxification of alachlor within a short reaction time. Thus, the treated wastewater can then be passed through a biological treatment unit for further treatment.