电化学法生成Fenton试剂及其在工业染料废水降解脱色中的应用

以多孔石墨电极为阴极 ,电解时在阴极通以氧气或空气 ,电解生成的过氧化氢与阳极溶解的Fe2 +进行随后化学反应 ,现场生成羟基自由基 (Fenton试剂 ) ,进而对有机染整工业废水进行降解脱色反应。以可见光吸收谱图表征了工业染料废水经电解槽处理后吸光度的变化 ,以重铬酸钾法测试染料处理后的COD。实验结果表明 ,COD的去除率大于 80 % ,染料的脱色率达 1 0 0 % ,若将电解电流密度控制在 1 0mA/cm2 以下 ,槽电压可控制在 5V以内。实验结果表明 ,向阴极多孔石墨电极中通入空气与通入氧气的效果一致。     

Soil Fertility Quality and Agricultural Sustainable Development in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China

The black soil in northeast China is considered one of the most fertile soils in China. Consequently, the black soil region has become one of the most important regions for cereal grain production in China. Agriculture has developed rapidly since the early part of the nineteenth century. To date, approximately 70 percent of total land in the area is cultivated. Even though the agricultural production in this region is increasing continuously, some soil fertility quality problems have become serious. This is hampering agricultural development and sustainability in the region. A brief history of population growth and agricultural development in the region is presented. Major soil quality problems, particularly soil degradation and soil erosion, are analyzed. Based on studies, suggestions for improving soil quality and for promoting sustainable agricultural development in the region are presented. These suggestions include improving agricultural landscape patterns, developing conservation cultivation, promoting combinations of crop production with combinations of forestry and animal husbandry, and implementing integrated management for soil and water conservation.     

溶液pH及电流浓度对电化学法生成羟基自由基降解机制的影响

用电化学稳态极化曲线分析方法讨论了溶液pH值及电流浓度对染料降解脱色的影响.实验结果表明,pH值将影响着阴极反应的方向、电极电位与染料降解脱色的效果.在酸性溶液中有利于过氧化氢的生成,阴极电位较低,但不利于随后的絮凝步骤;在中性溶液中染料降解脱色的综合效果较好,COD_Cr去除率可达80%以上.文中还讨论了电流浓度对降解脱色效果的影响,当电解槽内电流浓度达0.5 A/L时可取得满意的效果,电流浓度太大时,体系将伴随着析出氢气等的副反应,降解反应的电流效率下降.      

Biochemical composition and early diagenesis of organic matter in coastal sediments of the NW Adriatic Sea influenced by riverine inputs

River inputs influence trophodynamic and biogeochemical processes of adjacent continental shelves. In order to provide new insights on the influence of continental inputs on the benthic trophic state and early diagenesis of sediment organic matter we collected surface sediments in the NW Adriatic Sea at three stations located at increasing distance from the Po River. Sediment samples were collected in four periods characterized by different river outflows and analysed for chloropigment content (chlorophyll-a and phaeopygments), protein, carbohydrate and lipid concentrations, prokaryote abundance and aminopeptidase activity. Sediments of the NW Adriatic Sea displayed high organic loads, tightly coupled with the outflow dynamics of the Po River. A major flooding event was responsible of an enhanced accumulation of organic material on the sea bottom. The resulting increased nutrient load in the sediment impaired organic matter degradation processes. The results of the present study suggest that the enhanced trophic state of marine coastal sediments subjected to riverine inputs are related not only to the increased nutrient inputs, but that they may be amplified by impaired degradation processes.     

Biologically active secondary metabolites in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) – a review focusing on contents in the plant, plant–pest interactions and transformation

Summary.  To exploit biologically active compounds from white clover (Trifolium repens L.) for suppressing weeds and soil-borne diseases, either as isolated products (biopesticides) or through cultivars with enhanced production of these compounds, the biologically active compounds must be identified, plant content measured, and their fate in soil known. The present review summarizes the published knowledge needed for such exploitation; providing essential information on structure and concentration of flavonols, flavones, condensed tannins, isoflavones, isoflavanones, pterocarpans, coumestans, cyanogenic glucosides, and saponins in healthy and stressed white clover plants. Various stresses and particular cultivars affect the concentrations of several of the compounds. Information on biological effects and the degradation/transformation of these compounds in plants or by microorganisms is available. There is no information on the degradation pathway in soil, the mechanisms of exudation and leaching of compounds from plants, and soil sorption properties of the compounds. The clover soil fatigue problem is increasing in grasslands and causes problems especially in organic farming. Research efforts focused on biological elements of clover soil fatigue have not explained it, and the influence of secondary metabolites has not been investigated. There are few investigations into the interaction between beneficial fungi/fungal-diseases and the occurrence of biologically active secondary metabolites in white clover plants. Such studies are critical to better understand beneficial fungi and pathogens.     

利用涡流空化效应降解水中罗丹明B

涡流空化通过特殊结构的涡流仓产生,流体在涡流仓中形成压力远低于大气压力的低压区域,从而产生空化效应.通过CFX计算软件对涡流形成情况进行了模拟计算,确定了适宜的结构参数.对罗丹明B进行了实际降解试验,考察了压力和温度对降解的影响,结果表明,压力提高对降解有利,而温度的影响有一定复杂性.涡流空化降解和超声空化降解的对比试验结果表明,涡流空化降解效率远大于超声空化.      

Mobilization of heavy metals from contaminated paddy soil by EDDS,EDTA, and elemental sulfur

For enhanced phytoextraction, mobilization of heavy metals (HMs) from the soil solid phase to soil pore water is an important process. A pot incubation experiment mimicking field conditions was conducted to investigate the performance of three soil additives in mobilizing HMs from contaminated paddy soil (Gleyi-Stagnic Anthrosol): the [S, S]-isomer of ethylenediamine disuccinate (EDDS) with application rates of 2.3, 4.3, and 11.8 mmol kg⁻¹ of soil, ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA; 1.4, 3.8, and 7.5 mmol kg⁻¹), and elemental sulfur (100, 200, and 400 mmol kg⁻¹). Temporal changes in soil pore water HM and dissolved organic carbon concentrations and pH were monitored for a period of 119 days. EDDS was the most effective additive in mobilizing soil Cu. However, EDDS was only effective during the first 24 to 52 days, and was readily biodegraded with a half-life of 4.1 to 8.7 days. The effectiveness of EDDS decreased at the highest application rate, most probably as a result of depletion of the readily desorbable Cu pool in soil. EDTA increased the concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd in the soil pore water, and remained effective during the whole incubation period due to its persistence. The highest rate of sulfur application led to a decrease in pH to around 4. This increased the pore water HM concentrations, especially those of Zn and Cd. Concentrations of HMs in the soil pore water can be regulated to a large extent by choosing the proper application rate of EDDS, EDTA, or sulfur. Hence, a preliminary work such as our pot experiment in combination with further plant experiments (not included in this study) will provide a good tool to evaluate the applicability of different soil additives for enhanced phytoextraction of a specific soil.     

疏水性石油烃降解菌细胞表面疏水性及降解特性

从石油污染的土壤中分离纯化得到3株能以石油为唯一碳源和能源生长的石油烃降解菌,分别命名为HDB-1、HDB-2、HDB-3,并采用微生物粘着碳烃化合物法(MATH)对3株菌株的细菌表面疏水性及其环境影响因子进行研究.结果表明:二甲苯-水两相体系适用于3种细菌表面疏水性研究;HDB-1、HDB-2、HDB-3的疏水性分别为68.8%、57.4%、64.1%;随培养时间、碳源的不同和温度、pH的改变,细菌表面疏水性均发生不同程度变化;6d后初始含油量为1000mg/L的培养液的去除率分别为91.6%、64.5%、79.8%.结果还表明,细菌的细胞表面疏水性与其在环境中对有机污染物的降解呈一定的相关性,疏水性大的细菌对疏水性有机物的降解速度较疏水性小的快.     

甲醛吸入致小鼠蛋白质氧化损伤作用的研究

为了探讨在气态甲醛中暴露后小鼠的脑、心和肝组织蛋白质的氧化损伤程度及其发生机制,用不同剂量的气态甲醛对小鼠进行连续动态染毒处理72h ,用2 ,4-二硝基苯肼比色法测定小鼠脑、心和肝组织蛋白质的羰基含量,用以判断蛋白质的氧化损伤程度.结果显示:吸入0. 68mg·m- 3甲醛后,小鼠的脑、心和肝蛋白质的羰基含量下降(P <0 0 1,P <0 . 0 1,P <0. 0 5 ) ;吸入3 0mg·m- 3甲醛后,小鼠的心和肝的蛋白质羰基含量均显著升高(P <0 . 0 1) ,而脑的蛋白质羰基含量与对照组相比无显著差异(P >0 . 0 5 ) .以上结果表明,小鼠蛋白质的氧化损伤与气态甲醛的浓度有关,气态甲醛在较低浓度时,不引起小鼠蛋白质的氧化损伤,而在中等浓度时对小鼠心和肝的蛋白质氧化损伤作用显著,而对脑的蛋白质没有明显损伤作用.     

不同驯化方式对微生物降解乐果的影响

为了获得有效降解有机磷农药乐果的微生物,采用北京大兴黄村施用过乐果的土壤为菌源,以乐果作为唯一碳源和能源采用一次性大剂量冲击驯化和逐渐加量的驯化方式分离得到7株对乐果有一定降解能力的微生物。微生物降解乐果实验结果显示:不同的驯化方式对微生物的降解能力有明显的影响,大剂量冲击驯化获得的微生物对乐果的降解能力优于逐渐加量驯化获得的微生物。