水中硫化物测试提高曝气吹脱效率及富集方法研究

对水中硫化物测试方法中的实验条件进行优化，优化后的测试结果其精密度和准确度都显著提高；对低仿水质样品采用了碱金属氢氧化物共沉淀，简化了样品富集程序，提高了测试灵敏度。     

Heavy metals contamination of soils under oak ecosystems in the Sofia region

We studied the contamination of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in soils under oak ecosystems of urban (U), suburban (SU), and rural (R) regions in Sofia, Bulgaria. The urban sampling sites are located in the large forest parks of Sofia under oak ecosystems, while the others are located between the centre of the town and the surrounding mountains and are also from oak ecosystems. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in soils were measured for identifying the sources and degree of contamination, and calculating the concentration coefficients (Hc) and enrichment factors (EF). The result of applying principal component analysis (PCA), showed that Cd and Pb accounted for the anthropogenic pollution and could be inferred as its tracers, whereas Cu is located mainly in the parent material. The Zn concentration levels were controlled both by its original content in the parent material as well as by anthropogenic pollution. The results obtained for the city forest parks allow for their successful use for recreation purposes.     

三清山主要树种重金属污染与华东各山的比较

对江西三清山常见树木叶片重金属含量进行分析测定，并与黄山、庐山、西天目山、乌岩岭同种树种进行了比较。结果表明：三清山已受到一定程度的污染，树木叶片对重金属具有富集作用，富集特性比较：铅：苦槠〉樟〉木荷〉青岗；铜：苦槠〉甜槠〉樟〉木荷〉青岗；镉：甜槠〉樟〉木荷〉苦槠〉青岗；锌：青岗〉甜槠〉苦槠〉樟〉木荷，４种重金属富集能力比较为镉〉铜〉锌〉铅。     

Stoichiometric and molecular evidence for the enrichment of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria from wastewater treatment plant sludge samples

Anammox enrichments were readily developed from seven municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) sludge, but not with methanogenic granular sludge from two agro-industrial WWTPs. Only 50 d was required for the first evidence of anammox activity from a return activated sludge obtained from a WWTP operated for nutrient removal. The molar ratios of nitrite and ammonium consumption of approximately 1.32 as well as nitrate and dinitrogen gas product ratios of approximately 0.095 provided evidence of the anammox reaction. The presence of anammox was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primer sets (PLA46F and AMX820R) specific for anammox bacteria. The 16S rRNA gene fragment of anammox bacteria was detected in seven enrichment cultures (ECs) with demonstrated anammox activity but not in the original inocula from which the ECs were derived and also not in the two methanogenic sludge samples, which indicates the PCR predicted the anammox activity. Two genera, Brocadia and Kuenenia, were successfully identified as the Planctomycetes occurring in the clone libraries of successful anammox enrichments. Brocadia dominated in cultures that were respiked extensively; whereas Kuenenia predominated in cultures that were less aggressively respiked. These findings indicate that respiking management may play an important role on selecting the genus of anammox bacteria. The batch enrichment results clearly illustrate that anammox can be readily enriched from municipal sludge from a wide variety of process operations at WWTPs.     

Hydrochemistry of Wet Atmospheric Precipitation Over an Urban Area in Northern Indo-Gangetic Plains

Rain water samples were collected to study the chemical composition of wet atmospheric precipitation (first event) over the Lucknow city in the northern Indo-gangetic alluvial plains. The samples were collected in the month of July, 2005 from different sites. The wet precipitation samples were analyzed for pH, EC, major ions (, Cl⁻, , , , F⁻, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, ) and heavy metals (As, Cd, Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Hg, Pb, Se, Sn, Ti, V, Zn). The pH values of wet precipitation samples ranged between 6.5 and 8.7. The analysis of linear regression applied to the set of studied variables and computation of neutralization factors showed that neutralization occurred in precipitation samples and Ca²⁺ had the maximum neutralization capacity. It was found that Cl⁻, , Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ in the precipitation samples originated mainly from crustal/anthropogenic sources in the region. On an average Fe, and Al accounted for >72% of the total concentration of trace metals in the wet precipitation samples followed by Zn (>10%). Enrichment factors calculated for heavy metals over reference background level in seawater and Earth’s crust showed relatively higher enrichment of Zn. The principal component analysis (PCA) identified the possible sources of ionic species and heavy metals in the wet precipitation samples.     

遵义市PM10中元素污染特征、来源与生态风险评价

采集2012年3月-2013年2月遵义市丁字口（市区点）、凤凰山（背景点）监测点的 PM10样品,并对 PM10中元素污染特征、来源和生态风险进行分析与评价。结果表明,遵义市 PM10质量浓度季节变化为：冬季＞春季＞秋季＞夏季,且市区点高于背景点,冬季超标率均为100％。PM10中 As、Pb、Hg、Mn质量浓度市区点高于背景点,且均为冬季最高。富集因子分析表明,Pb、As、Cd、Hg、Mn、Cu、Zn来自人为污染,生态危害顺序为：Cd＞Pb ＞As＞Cu ＞Zn ＞Ni ＞Cr,其中 Cd 的潜在生态危害为极强。     

Evaluation of levels, sources and distribution of toxic elements in PM10 in a suburban industrial region, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Campus (FIOCRUZ), in a suburban region of the city of Rio de Janeiro, was selected as a case study to assess the pollution released from vehicle and industrial facilities in Basin III, the most polluted area of the city. Concentrations of particulate matter (PM10) and trace metals in airborne particles were determined in an intensive field campaign. The samplings were performed every six days for 24 h periods, using a PM10 high volume sampler, from September 2004 to August 2005. PM10 mass concentrations were determined gravimetrically and the metals by ICP-OES. For PM10, the arithmetic mean for the period is 169 ± 42 μg m⁻³ which is 3.4 times the national recommended standard of 50 μg m⁻³. Additionally, 51% of the samplings exceeded the recommended 24 h limit of 150 μg m⁻³. Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Al were the metals that presented the higher concentrations. The correlation matrix gave two main clusters and three significant principal components (PC). Both PC1 and PC2 are associated to crustal, vehicular and industrial emissions while PC3 is mainly associated to geological material. Enrichment factors for Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb indicate that for these elements, anthropic sources prevail over natural inputs. PM10 levels showed a good correlation with hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in children and elderly people.     

天然淡水表面微层中某些重金属富集现象研究

自制成玻璃板表面微层水采样器,采集厚度可达30至55μｍ,表面微层水中颗粒物采集率为45.3％±2.2％,性能合乎要求。应用于天津水上公园表面微层湖水,以AAS和ICP法测定其中铜、铁、锰、锌的含量,与相应采样点下层湖水相比,4种重金属在表面微层水中的富集倍数为2至88,富集显著,并与采样站位等有关。     

Grain size partitioning of platinum-group elements in road-deposited sediments: implications for anthropogenic flux estimates from autocatalysts

Twelve road-deposited sediment samples were analyzed for platinum-group elements (PGEs) and Pb in the <63 microm fraction of an urban watershed in Hawaii. Three samples were further fractionated into five size classes, from 63-125 microm to 1000-2000 microm, and these were analyzed for PGEs and Pb. Concentrations in the <63 microm fraction reached 174 microg/kg (Pt), 101 microg/kg (Pd), 16 microg/kg (Rh), and 1.3 microg/kg (Ir). Enrichment ratios followed the sequence Rh>Pt=Pd>Ir. Iridium was geogenic in origin, while the remaining PGEs indicated significant anthropogenic contamination. Palladium, Pt and Rh concentrations and enrichment signals were consistent with PGE bivariate ratios and PGE partitioning in three-way catalysts. Size partitioning indicated that the <63 microm fraction had the lowest PGE concentrations and mass loading percentages. These data suggest that autocatalyst PGE flux estimates into the environment will be significantly underestimated if only a fine grain size fraction is analyzed.     

广州市空气可吸入性颗粒物化学元素组成特征

用安德森双道采样器、Ｔｅｆｌｏｎ膜采集细颗粒物(ＰＭ２．５,Φ＜２．５μｍ)和粗颗粒物(ＰＭ２．５～１０,２．５≤Φ≤１０μｍ),按时间分布均匀原则选取２０个样品,用Ｘ－射线荧光光谱法测定其中的元素含量。分析了细、粗颗粒物中与人类活动污染有关的元素和典型的地壳元素的体积分数、与人类活动污染有关的元素的质量分数和富集系数。结果表明,广州市市区颗粒物元素污染相当严重,并以细颗粒物中更明显;与人类活动污染有关的元素更易在细颗粒物中富集,并在远离市中心区更明显;市中心区和远离市中心区的粗、细颗粒物污染最严重的元素均是Ｓ,Ｃｌ,Ｚｎ和Ｐｂ,显示了广州市的大气污染具有煤烟型硫氧化物污染的特点,同时又具有汽车尾气排放污染的特点