荷兰《环境与规划法》改革方向及其政策启示

荷兰《环境与规划法》着眼于可持续发展,以保障环境质量为核心,以政策循环为理论方法,以政策工具为手段,实现荷兰环境和规划领域的法典化,对于我国当前环境管理亟须解决的法规重叠、权力交叉、程序复杂等问题具有重要借鉴意义。本文在荷兰《环境与规划法》立法背景的基础上,梳理荷兰《环境与规划法》的改革方向,以期探究其对于我国构建和完善环境管理法律体系的政策启示:构建生态环境空间管控体系;运用政策循环和政策工具整合完善生态环境空间管控体系;深化简政放权,坚持放管并重;增强公众参与环境管理的主动意识。     

GIS环境下基于DEM的中国流域自动提取方法

应用地理信息系统平台,建立基于水文站网和水资源信息的空间化水循环数据库是研制开发全国水循环信息管理系统的关键和基础,为了与全国水文站网的观测资料相匹配,水循环数据库的结构将按流域组织,因此快速、有效地自动提取全国流域是所有工作进展的前提。为了从数字高程数据中自动提取全国流域,以提高基于GIS的全国水资源信息获取的效率,从DEM的特性出发,提出了一种从DEM中自动提取全国流域的实用方法。该方法利用1：25万DEM数据,首先将全国流域划分为14大流域片,并在每一流域片内分别提取流域。提取过程如下：首先对DEM数据进行填洼和削峰,然后确定每个栅格单元的水流方向,再根据各栅格单元的水流方向,计算出每个栅格单元的汇流能力,根据汇流能力采用阈值法确定河流网络,最后通过河流网络和流域出水口,快速识别出所有子流域。另外,还给出了利用GIS软件ARC/INFO GRID提取全国流域的AML程序代码,并以海河流域作为实验区将抽样测量结果和自动提取结果进行了实验对比分析,其结果表明利用该方法提取的流域数据与利用手工方法绘制的流域基本一致,证明该方法是有效的。     

Integrating Economic Development and the Environment: Artisan Fishing Production in Guanabara Bay,Rio de Janeiro

The adoption of environmentally sustainable techniques by cooperatives and small companies results in specific difficulties rarely discussed in the literature. This paper describes an action-research carried out by seafood cultivators and university researchers in Guanabara Bay, which resulted in the substitution of the previous technique, based on extraction, by one without negative environmental impacts. The economic results have been satisfactory, so it can be expected that this activity may become more widespread in the region.     

Economic and Environmental Analysis of Retrofitting a Large Office Building with Energy-Efficient Lighting Systems

An evaluation of the economic and environmental costs and benefits that would result if the Zorinsky Federal Building, located in Omaha, Nebraska, USA, converted its current lighting system to a more energy-efficient system (i.e., joined the EPA's Green Lights Program) was conducted. Lighting accounts for 20–25 percent of all electricity sold in the United States. Costs considered in the study included the cost of retrofitting the building's existing lighting system and the cost of disposal of the current lamps and ballast fixtures. Benefits included a reduction of electric utility costs and a reduction of emissions of SO₂, NO _x , CO₂, and CO from electric utility power plants. Environmental and health issues for air pollutant emissions were also addressed. The results showed that significant reductions in utility bills as well as reductions in air emissions would result from a major building converting to a more energy efficient lighting system. The results showed that conversion of this large building would reduce SO₂ emissions by 14.6 tons/yr and NO _x emissions by 6.3 tons/yr. In addition, the conversion would reduce annual energy costs by approximately $114,000.     

针对IEEE802.11标准的无线局域网的攻击和防卫研究

无线局域网由于其自由组网的快捷、使用方便和成本低等优势 ,备受青睐 ,尤其是那些受地理条件限制的地方布置有线网络困难且成本高 ,以及临时使用的诸如国际会议、灾区救助的情况下的局域通信需要快速组网等 ,但是由于其通信的内容的公开性也容易被攻击者获得 ,其安全问题变得十分突出。基于对无线局域网的信息机密性、完整性和可用性面临的攻击的详细分析 ,结合相应的安全技术原理的论述 ,提出了将双向认证、数据加密技术、防火墙和增强的完整性校验 ,“四位一体”的安全防卫方案 ,从而保证了无线局域网的整体安全 ,对无线局域网的健康发展具有一定的理论和实践意义。     

城市轨道交通现代安全管理体系构建初探

笔者分析了城市轨道交通安全管理的现状，从系统的角度挖掘导致事故发生的管理缺陷原因；提出保证轨道交通安全的根本出路在于建立现代企业安全管理体系；研讨了安全管理系统的运行机理，规范了保证系统、控制系统、信息系统贯穿在全过程管理的功能和作用；提出以信息系统为基础的旨在对安全生产进行事前、事中、事后控制的安全管理体系，并对该体系的结构和内容进行了分析和讨论。通过所研究的安全管理体系的成果，对城市轨道交通安全管理的现状改善、为适应城市轨道交通安全管理的现代化提供了新的思路和途径，也推动和丰富了城市轨道交通安全管理体系的学科建设。     

可持续发展刍议

本文简述了环境与发展问题提出的背景，阐明了可持续发展的概念及内容，论述了我国实施可持续发展战略的必要性、推动我国可持续发展的主要措施及衡量可持续发展水平高低的基本要素。     

发展新兴交叉学科—城市灾害学

城市灾害学是一门随着工业化发展而逐步产生的一门新学科。本文在分析城市灾害学的研究基础及进展的同时，探讨了城市灾害学的理论框架及分支学科。     

环境恶化中的人为因素：人类在觉醒

以大量的事实，分析了人们在经济发展过程中的非理智行为；无节制地生育造成人口过剩引发的灾难；战争、武器试验与销毁对环境造成破坏等，从而不但使自然灾害发生的频度加快而且危程度加深。     

Environmental assessment of packaging: The consumer point of view

When marketing environmentally responsible packaged products, the producer is confronted with consumer beliefs concerning the environmental friendliness of packaging materials. When making environmentally conscious packaging decisions, these consumer beliefs should be taken into account alongside the technical guidelines. Dutch consumer perceptions of the environmental friendliness of packaged products are reported and compared with the results of a life-cycle analysis assessment. It is shown that consumers judge environmental friendliness mainly from material and returnability. Furthermore, the consumer perception of the environmental friendliness of packaging material is based on the postconsumption waste, whereas the environmental effects of production are ignored. From the consumer beliefs concerning environmental friendliness implications are deduced for packaging policy and for environmental policy.