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381.
弱势群体物质生活贫困,在市场中缺乏竞争能力,在社会和政治层面也处于弱势地位,这些特点决定了他们是公民环境权的贫困者。为此,需要设计合理的制度保护弱势群体公民环境权,需要用法律手段保护弱势群体公民环境权,还需要提高弱势群体保护公民环境权的自觉性。 相似文献
382.
383.
Seyed Hashem Mousavi-Avval Shahin RafieeAli Jafari Ali Mohammadi 《Journal of Cleaner Production》2011,19(13):1464-1470
This study examines energy use patterns and the relationship between energy inputs and yield for canola production in Golestan province of Iran. Data used in this study were obtained from 130 randomly selected canola farms using a face to face survey. The results revealed that total energy of 17,786.36 MJ ha−1 was required for canola production and fertilizer, diesel fuel and electricity were the main energy consuming inputs. Energy use efficiency and energy productivity were 3.02 and 0.12 kg MJ−1, respectively. Moreover, in specifying a functional relationship the Cobb-Douglas production function was applied and the results showed that machinery, fertilizer, diesel fuel and water for irrigation energies significantly contributed to yield. Also, the marginal physical productivity (MPP) technique was applied to analyze the sensitivity of energy inputs. It was found that, canola production had more sensitivity on machinery, fertilizer and water for irrigation energies; so that an additional use of 1 MJ from each of the machinery, total fertilizer and water for irrigation would lead to an increase in production by 0.93, 0.61 and 0.24 kg, respectively. However, electricity and seed energies were contributed negatively to yield, which may result in inverse effect on yield and impose risks to the environment. 相似文献
384.
本文根据历年的监测资料,分析了陕西省酸雨的分布规律及其特征。指出:受煤烟型大气污染的影响,酸雨以硫雨型为主,从北而南频率逐步增大,pH值介于4.5~5.6之间的占90.5%。并探讨了酸雨形成的原因及防治措施。 相似文献
385.
Stuart Batterman 《Environmental management》1992,16(1):133-141
This article addresses the use of critical loads in optimized emission abatement strategies. Critical loads represent the
maximum tolerable deposition possible without adverse impacts, a limit that is highly spatially variable. As deposition targets,
critical loads cannot be satisfied at all receptors in Europe. Consequently, there is a need for alternative criteria that
still relate to ecological indicators, yet that are feasible, consistent, and equitable. Two criteria are suggested: the relative
critical load coverage and the relative deposition reduction. Deposition goals based on these criteria will guarantee that
a specified fraction of ecosystems will attain target loads and thus will be protected from adverse environmental impacts.
In areas that cannot achieve target loads with the best available control measures, deposition can be reduced to a specified
fraction of the unabated level.
Examples are presented that demonstrate their derivation and application of the two criteria. The criteria have been implemented
in the European-scale Regional Acidification Information and Simulation (RAINS) model. Results obtained indicate that optimized
emission strategies based on critical loads may be similar to emission strategies based on deposition reductions at certain
levels of the two criteria. This suggests that it may not be necessary to utilize critical loads to formulate deposition targets.
A second example shows the effect of excluding countries from European cost minimization. A country's participation can save
costs with moderate deposition targets; however, significant costs can be imposed with low (stringent) deposition targets.
These preliminary results have significant implications for multilateral negotiations. 相似文献
386.
Rhea M. Moss 《Natural resources forum》2007,31(2):111-118
The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is a major custodian of one of the ocean's major natural resources: tuna. The commercial tuna fisheries sector is the most important economic sector in the RMI and is thus a substantial contributor to this tiny island nation's GDP. Tuna catch and its associated revenues has fluctuated in line with climatic events such as the El Niño/La Niña Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and, in the last decade, national fisheries development policies have begun to capitalize on the positive effects that ENSO warm events have had on the tuna populations. However, global warming is expected to have a significant impact on ENSO, and not necessarily in positive ways. This paper will focus on the relationship between environment and economic development in the RMI fisheries sector. In particular, the linkages between global warming and its effects on the tuna fisheries sector must be better understood and uncertainties accounted for so that impacts are appropriately addressed and integrated into sustainable fisheries development policies. Conclusions reached are that new fisheries development strategies that emphasize environmental‐based planning are required. The emerging ecosystem‐based approach to fisheries management is a start, as are the various international initiatives in furthering our understanding of the linkages between climate and ocean systems currently underway. 相似文献
387.
Ren Yong 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2007,9(2):121-129
This article makes an attempt to answer the three questions of why China is devoting its full effort to promoting a circular
economy, what a circular economy is, and how to implement a circular economy in China. The evolutionary process of a circular
economy in China, from introduction of the concept and the relevant actions of national decision making to demonstration of
the system nationwide, has taken only around 6 years, with strong encouragement from politicians and the urgent need to cope
with environmental pollution and a severe shortage of natural resources. The circular economy in China is now being actively
implemented at three levels: enterprises, eco-industrial parks, and regions. The consolidated theoretical bases of ecology
and economics have helped the circular economy to define its position as a new economic model to effectively resolve the problems
of resources and the environment. In this regard, material flow management is naturally a unique planning and management method
for implementation of a circular economy, and eco-efficiency is a good indicator to measure circular economic activities.
Of particular significance has been initiation of the legislative process for the Circular Economy Law, which is among a number
of initiatives developing core policies for a circular economy in China. Stringent enforcement of a set of policies for energy
saving and pollution abatement nowadays in China will certainly create an enabling environment for the development of a circular
economy. 相似文献
388.
我院校园木本植物物种多样性调查与分析评价 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
对中国环境管理干部学院校园内现有的木本植物进行了种类统计和鉴定,发现校园内大部分木本植物生长良好,但是部分木本植物因人为破坏、气候不适而生长不良甚至死亡。我们应该提高认识、明确方向、优化结构、利用资源、加强养护,对校园植物资源进行管护。 相似文献
389.
Ahlstrom U 《Journal of Safety Research》2005,36(2):159-169
INTRODUCTION: Adverse weather conditions have a major impact on National Airspace System (NAS) operations. They create safety hazards for pilots, constrain the usable airspace for air traffic control (ATC), and reduce the overall capacity of the NAS. A system-wide dissemination of weather information to controllers could theoretically improve safety and efficiency. PROBLEM: However, it is currently unclear what weather information would be beneficial for tactical operations. Furthermore, no previous research has empirically evaluated optimal presentation designs for ATC weather displays. Ill-designed weather displays can cause safety hazards by presenting redundant information (i.e., by increasing the cognitive load) and display clutter (e.g., by interfering with the visual extraction of traffic data). METHOD: In the present paper, we outline our use of cognitive work analysis (CWA) techniques for the assessment of weather information needs for terminal controllers. RESULTS: Specifically, we describe how the CWA modeling tools helped us reveal instances in the terminal domain where weather information is lacking or insufficiently disseminated. We used our CWA results to drive the development of weather display concepts and to set up a high-fidelity simulation capability. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: By means of high-fidelity simulations, we can empirically evaluate controller weather information needs in order to propose weather displays for increased aircraft safety and efficiency of terminal operations. 相似文献
390.
Seth Doe Vordzorgbe 《Natural resources forum》2006,30(2):90-101
Agenda 21 requires that countries adopt ‘national sustainable development strategies’ (NSDS), and this has been emphasized in several international commitments. Ghana has contributed to the methodology for peer review of such national strategies, as well as to guidelines designed by OECD and the United Nations for the NSDS process. Ghana has also adopted mechanisms to manage its own development planning in a sustainable manner. This article highlights various types of frameworks for sustainable development currently operating in Ghana, and considers to what extent they conform to NSDS principles. The article concludes that Ghana has made progress in several ways, but faces some of the same challenges as other countries in adhering to sustainability principles. The article offers recommendations as to how Ghana can achieve sustainable development. The article is an independent assessment by the author, who has also formulated most of the recommendations, except where otherwise indicated. 相似文献