攀枝花工矿区土壤重金属人为污染的富集因子分析

在环境地球化学研究中,自然异常与人为异常往往同时存在,因此要判断环境污染状况,从自然异常中分离人为异常是十分重要的。文章根据重金属元素的环境地球化学行为,采用富集因子来判别表层土壤中重金属的人为污染情况,攀枝花工矿区的实例研究表明,应用富集因子可有效区分工矿区重金属污染的自然影响和人为影响。     

膜-悬浮光催化降解反应器中催化剂活性及其影响因素分析

考察了膜 悬浮光催化降解反应器小试系统在处理自配废水的连续运行中催化剂活性的变化 .试验发现 ,经两周的连续运行 ,催化剂活性有明显降低 ,降为原催化剂活性的 1 4 % .分析引起催化剂活性降低的可能原因有 :催化剂颗粒的聚集、有机污染物和无机垢体在催化剂表面的附着 .采用超声波粉碎、次氯酸钠碱洗和盐酸酸洗的方法来恢复催化剂活性 .结果表明 ,采用 1 0 %的盐酸清洗可使催化剂活性恢复到初始值的 6 4 %左右 ,效果最明显 .推测由于水中硬度在催化剂表面形成的CaCO3沉淀是导致催化剂活性降低的最主要因素 .     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Juniperus oxycedrus</Emphasis> ssp.<Emphasis Type="Italic">macrocarpa</Emphasis> in SW Spain: Ecology and conservation problems

Woodlands of the Mediterranean speciesJuniperus oxycedrus ssp.macrocarpa (maritime juniper) are both vulnerable and ecologically important. Their ecology and biological status along the SW coast of Spain are not well known; this, the first major study of these juniper populations is a basis for future research and restoration policies. These communities are subject to harsh conditions, the plant composition being controlled by several factors at different scales. On a large scale, climate and soil texture play an important role in controlling the soil water availability to plants, and in separating xerophytic from mesic communities. On a small scale, coastal physiography, and substrate composition are related to differences in the floristic composition. Coastal plantations modify environmental conditions, such as sand mobility and salt spray deposition, inducing important changes in plant communities. The population of maritime juniper on this coast was estimated in ca. 25 000 individuals, of which 93.6% are concentrated in three locations. Large proportions of young individuals were found in extensive and protected populations. Howerver, adult individuals dominated the smaller populations located under pine plantations. This limitation of recruitment may be imposed by several factors. A male biased ratio was detected on the southern coast of Cádiz, which I hypothesize is due to the lower cost of pollen production in a stressful habitat. Preservation of suitable habitats, the recovery of abandoned pine plantations, and the connection between juniper populations, seem to be important requisites for the conservation of maritime juniper in the southwestern coast of Spain.     

Metrics for quantifying how much different threats contribute to red lists of species and ecosystems

Red lists are a crucial tool for the management of threatened species and ecosystems. Among the information red lists provide, the threats affecting the listed species or ecosystem, such as pollution or hunting, are of special relevance. This information can be used to quantify the relative contribution of different threat factors to biodiversity loss by disaggregating the cumulative extinction risk across species into components that can be attributed to certain threats. We devised and compared 3 metrics that accomplish this and may be used as indicators. The first metric calculates the portion of the temporal change in red list index (RLI) values that is caused by each threat. The second metric attributes the deviation of an RLI value from its reference value to different threats. The third metric uses extinction probabilities that are inferred from red list categories to estimate the contribution of a threat to the expected loss of species or ecosystems within 50 years. We used data from Norwegian Red Lists to test and evaluate these metrics. The first metric captured only a minor portion of the biodiversity loss caused by threats because it ignores species whose red list category does not change. Management authorities will often be interested in the contribution of a given threat to the total deviation from the optimal state. This was measured by the remaining metrics. The second metric was best suited for comparisons across countries or taxonomic groups. The third metric conveyed the same information but uses numbers of species or ecosystem as its unit, which is likely more intuitive to lay people and may be preferred when communicating with stakeholders or the general public.     

阳澄西湖叶绿素a的时空分布及其与环境因子的关系

根据2015年3月~2016年2月对阳澄西湖水体叶绿素a和水质理化因子的逐月监测结果表明,阳澄西湖叶绿素a浓度存在着明显的季节变化,其全年变化范围为11.93μg/L~66.67μg/L,平均值为27.54μg/L±20.34μg/L。最小值出现在2016年1月,最大值出现在2015年8月。叶绿素a在空间分布上也存在着差异,叶绿素a在断面Ⅰ浓度最高,其次是断面Ⅱ和断面Ⅳ,断面Ⅲ最低。根据综合营养状态指数法计算阳澄西湖营养状态,得出综合营养状态指数范围为50.7~59.3,年平均值为55.6,水体总体处于"轻度富营养"状态。综合pearson相关系数和逐步回归方程,结果表明叶绿素a与水温呈极显著正相关,与溶解氧呈极显著负相关,与透明度呈极显著负相关。结合生产实践对阳澄西湖总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和氮磷比(N/P)取对数进行pearson相关性分析并建立一元线性回归方程,结果表明叶绿素a浓度与总氮无相关关系,与总磷呈极显著正相关,与氮磷比呈极显著负相关,阳澄西湖可能是一定程度的磷限制湖泊。     

农村食品安全消费态度、意愿与行为的差异研究

现阶段,我国食品安全状况不容乐观。通过梳理频繁发生的食品安全事件,可以发现食品安全问题的产生不仅仅是食品生产商、供应商或政府相关部门等方面的原因,食品消费者对于食品安全问题的产生和治理同样起到重要作用,其差异化的食品安全消费态度和行为也显著影响食品企业和政府部门的行为选择。现有研究大多针对消费者食品安全消费意愿和行为的影响因素及其相关方面进行分析,往往忽视了消费者食品安全消费态度、意愿和行为之间的客观差异现象。本文基于我国20个省份500个自然村实证调研数据,在引入空间地理分析概念的基础上,采用空间相关性检验的全局Moran’I指数分析农村食品安全消费、意愿和行为的大致集聚分布状况;再进一步利用局部Moran’I自相关指数分析判断相关具体集聚区域;最后通过消费态度、意愿、行为集聚区域的不一致性验证区域农村食品安全消费态度与行为差异的现实存在,对我国农村居民食品安全消费态度、意愿和行为之间的具体差异状况以及影响因素进行研究。结果显示:1现阶段,我国农村居民普遍持有较高程度的食品安全消费态度;2食品安全消费态度与食品安全消费意愿、行为之间存在一定程度上的差异;3造成这种差异的主要影响因素包括:主观规范作用、感知行为控制影响、农村消费者固有消费习惯障碍、安全食品消费基础设施建设不完善、政府监管认证力度不足以及相关政策制度缺失等。最后,文章提出针对性对策建议,具体包括:加强安全食品报道和宣传;加大科技技术投入力度;健全农村食品安全流通市场体系;加强食品检验检测等。     

生态足迹影响因子的定量分析--以中国各省(区市)1999年生态足迹为例

人口的膨胀和人类工业化进程的加剧,使得人类向自然界获取越来越多的资源,同时向环境源源不断地输入废弃物,已经严重超过了自然生态系统的供给能力和环境容量,生态环境日益恶化,水土流失、草场退化、植被消亡、生物多样性锐减、全球变暖等情况已经严重到难以遏制的地步,危及到人类自身的生存.在和平与发展成为世界两大主题的今天,人们越来越关注可持续发展的问题.在现有资料的基础上,利用主成分分析方法,定量地讨论了中国各省(区市)1999年生态足迹大小与其影响因子间的关系.结果表明,生态足迹的大小是各省(区市)的大中型企业个数、全社会固定生产投资等众多因子共同作用的结果,其中总人口和GDP是生态足迹大小的主要影响因子,其因子载荷量分别达到了0.940和0.913.值得一提的是非农业人口与生态足迹的相关系数超过了农业人口,这说明由于消费模式和生活水平等的差异,非农业人口对生态足迹的影响大于农业人口对生态足迹的影响.在此基础上建立了生态足迹影响因子的多元线性回归模型,以期为生态足迹在进行区域可持续发展评价的方法上提供新的思路.     

土石坝震损机理及震害影响因素研究

汶川8.0级地震造成主震区四川省境内1997座水库的坝体、溢洪道、输水管、管理房等水利设施不同程度的损毁,不仅无法实现水利功能,而且面临洪水威胁.汶川地震中土石坝典型震害包括裂缝、滑坡、渗漏以及坝体沉陷等.在调查主震区土石坝地震损毁特点的基础上,分析了均质土坝、面板堆石坝、心墙坝等坝型主要震害产生的原因,阐述了影响土石坝震害程度的诸多因素及其作用方式,控制性因素主要有外部因素如场地类别、地震动参数,坝体内部因素如坝料特性、坝型及坝高、坝坡坡率等.     

太湖饮用水源地附近居民暴露参数

采用问卷调查方式研究了太湖饮用水源地附近1 500人的相关暴露参数.结果表明:该地区成人平均体质量为63.07kg,男性和女性分别为67.55和57.59 kg;平均体表面积为1.71 m2,男性和女性分别为1.79和1.61 m2;主食(米饭)、水产品、肉类、蛋类、蔬菜和水果的摄入率50百分位数分别为300、33.09、102.56、48.44、291.44和216.86 g/d;直接饮水率为1 125.00mL/d.该研究结果与美国和日本《暴露参数手册》推荐值有较大差异,差异范围为-67.33%～141.08%;相比国内其他研究结果,体质量、体表面积、直接饮水率相差不大,但饮食暴露参数有较大差异.      

Analysis of risk factors affecting driver injury and crash injury with drivers under the influence of alcohol (DUI) and non-DUI

Objective: The objective of this research was to study risk factors that significantly influence the severity of crashes for drivers both under and not under the influence of alcohol.

Methods: Ordinal logistic regression was applied to analyze a crash data set involving drivers under and not under the influence of alcohol in China from January 2011 to December 2014.

Results: Four risk factors were found to be significantly associated with the severity of driver injury, including crash partner and intersection type. Age group was found to be significantly associated with the severity of crashes involving drivers under the influence of alcohol. Crash partner, intersection type, lighting conditions, gender, and time of day were found to be significantly associated with severe driver injuries, the last of which was also significantly associated with severe crashes involving drivers not under the influence of alcohol.

Conclusions: This study found that pedestrian involvement decreases the odds of severe driver injury when a driver is under the influence of alcohol, with a relative risk of 0.05 compared to the vehicle-to-vehicle group. The odds of severe driver injury at T-intersections were higher than those for traveling along straight roads. Age was shown to be an important factor, with drivers 50–60 years of age having higher odds of being involved in severe crashes compared to 20- to 30-year-olds when the driver was under the influence of alcohol.

When the driver was not under the influence of alcohol, drivers suffered more severe injuries between midnight and early morning compared to early nighttime. The vehicle-to-motorcycle and vehicle-to-pedestrian groups experienced less severe driver injuries, and vehicle collisions with fixed objects exhibited higher odds of severe driver injury than did vehicle-to-vehicle impacts. The odds of severe driver injury at cross intersections were 0.29 compared to travel along straight roads. The odds of severe driver injury when street lighting was not available at night were 3.20 compared to daylight. The study indicated that female drivers are more likely to experience severe injury than male drivers when not under the influence of alcohol. Crashes between midnight and early morning exhibited higher odds of severe injury compared to those occurring at other times of day.

The identification of risk factors and a discussion on the odds ratio between levels of the impact of the driver injury and crash severity may benefit road safety stakeholders when developing initiatives to reduce the severity of crashes.