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491.
492.
Environmental degradation, competition for resources, increasing food demands, and the integration of agriculture into the
international economy threaten the sustainability of many food production systems. Despite these concerns, the concept of
sustainable food production systems remains unclear, and recent attempts to appraise sustainability have been hampered by
conceptual inconsistencies and the absence of workable definitions. Six perspectives are shown to underpin the concept. Environmental
accounting identifies biophysical limits for agriculture. Sustained yield refers to output levels that can be maintained continuously.
Carrying capacity defines maximum population levels that can be supported in perpetuity. Production unit viability refers
to the capacity of primary producers to remain in agriculture. Product supply and security focuses on the adequacy of food
supplies. Equity is concerned with the spatial and temporal distribution of products dervied from resource use. Many studies
into sustainable agriculture cover more than one of these perspectives, indicating the concept is complex and embraces issues
relating to the biophysical, social, and economic environments. Clarification of the concept would facilitate the development
of frameworks and analytical systems for appraising the sustainability of food production systems.
LRRC Contribution No. 90–46. 相似文献
493.
One of the objectives of US environmental regulations was to reduce industrial air pollution emissions, especially from the
electric utility industry, the major industrial air polluter. In this study, a comparative analysis of air pollution emissions
from fossil-fuel-burning electric utility plants is conducted. The analysis focuses on a 12-yr period from 1975 to 1987 for
three air pollutants: particulates, surfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides.
The results indicate that particulate emissions have been significantly reduced but that sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
are still major problems for a number of plants. Furthermore, the disparity in the performance by plants indicates that by
using current technology, the industry as a whole could greatly reduce these emissions. These results have policy implication
for future environmental legislation. 相似文献
494.
作者在对中国我人民解放军第47医院病建项目所产生的大气环境影响进行了医学秤价和影响,并在预测的基础上,建立了完整的环境医学影响廉政价方法,由于该评价方法完全尊循了国内现行大气环境影响评价的基本要求和程序,因此,它在今后的环境影响医学评价中净有广泛的应用。 相似文献
495.
我国部分油田原油生产出砂严重,经常造成集输处理系统的严重磨损和堵塞,储油罐严重积砂,不能实现密闭。储油罐清砂完全靠人工完成,劳动强度大,而且造成环境污染。在海上平台,若采出砂含油量不达标排入海洋,则会给海洋带来严重的污染,因此,采出砂处理是急待解决的问题。文章根据国内外采出砂处理技术调研,介绍了水力旋流器除砂技术原理及工艺和在国外应用实例以及该技术在我国油田的开发应用情况。 相似文献
496.
对钻井废物污染的全过程控制 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
在钻井作业过程中控制废物的排放量和毒性,变末端处理为全过程控制,采取各种措施预防钻井废物的污染是近年来国外油气田环保工作的一项重要内容。本文就采用小井眼钻井工艺;减少井眼冲蚀;强化环境管理;提高钻井液固控系统的处理效率;开发各种合成基钻井液;采用低毒无害的钻井液化学添加剂等6个方面讨论了减少钻井废物产生量的途径和降低钻井液及添加剂对环境的影响 相似文献
497.
我国环境问题日趋严重,环境污染和生态破坏已成为社会发展的制约因素。然而,有些企业忽视环境保护工作,取消或合并环境监测站,削弱环境监测力量。针对这种情况,从行业环境监测站的任务、作用和不可取代性方面阐述了强化行业环境监测站建设的必要性。 相似文献
498.
J. Richard Davis 《Environmental management》1985,9(5):443-448
Environmental planning legislation in New South Wales now requires local government authorities to draw up statutory plans that take into account, among other concerns, both the biophysical and the social environmental issues within their jurisdictions. The SIRO-PLAN method of plan production provides a systematic mechanism for fulfilling this requirement. This article describes the application of the method by planning researchers over 18 months to the production of a Local Environmental Plan for a rural local government in New South Wales. The policy formulation, the purposive data collection, and the deliberate adjustment of plans in order to recognize interest group requirements were all found to be valuable features of the method, while the translation of the ultimately chosen land-use plan into the explicit regulatory controls available to the local government authority was found to require further refinement. The capacity of SIRO-PLAN to quantify the resolution of competing environmental concerns in the final plan, although of value to planning researchers, proved too arcane for traditionally trained planners. 相似文献
499.
A method is described for the rapid survey and determination of the ecological value of woodlots. The three dominant tree species in a stand are given a visual ranking that is converted to awoodlot index through the use of species adaptation values. The woodlot index is scaled by presettlement vegetation type to yield awoodlot scale. The ecologically most valuable woodlots in a region are identified by using the woodlot scale and data on woodlot area, human disturbance, and tree density. The woodlot index corresponds closely to results from conventional methods of woodlot surveys. This method should be valuable to land-use planners for environmental impact assessment and regional planning. 相似文献
500.
Treatment of risk in environmental impact assessment 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Glenn W. Suter II Lawrence W. Barnthouse Robert V. O'Neill 《Environmental management》1987,11(3):295-303
Risk assessment and environmental impact assessment have developed as separate traditions. While environmental impact assessment is a broad field that includes all activities that attempt to analyze and evaluate the effects of human and related actions on the environment, risk assessment has been concerned with the relatively well-defined regulatory problems and employs formal quantitative analysis of the probability of specific undesired events, such as cancer. Risk analytic approaches, particularly the explicit treatment of uncertainty, can significantly contribute to environmental assessments. This article discusses the type and sources of uncertainty in environmental assessments, techniques for their quantification, and ways to use uncertainty estimates to calculate probabilities of effects or probabilities of exceeding environmental standards and to determine the need for mitigation or additional research.This article was presented at the International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis, Task Force Meeting on Risk and Policy Analysis under Conditions of Uncertainty, Laxenburg, Austria, November 1985. 相似文献