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471.
Like all rapidly developing countries, the government of Iran (GOI) has to integrate environment priorities into its energy
sector. In order to integrate environmental concerns into energy sector, an Energy-Environment Review (EER) may be considered
as the mainstreaming tool capable of examining the interface between energy and the environment. The results of the EER should
be interpreted, in the light of the objective of the 4th Five Year Development Plan in Iran, to achieve fast and sustainable
growth and accelerate the transition to a market economy. In particular, the suggested actions will promote economic efficiency
use of energy resources through a proper allocation of scarce resources, including environmental resources, so as to achieve
economic efficiency and environmental and social protection. This paper comprises: (A) an analysis of the current situation
with regards to energy production and consumption; (B) an evaluation of the growth prospects with regard to energy production
and consumption; (C) the identification of environmental issues induced by the generation and use of energy and estimation
of the associated costs of damages; (D) the evaluation of the extent of contribution to the climate-change phenomenon through
emission of greenhouse gases; (E) the evaluation of the proposed mitigation measures for the previously identified environmental
problems; and (F) conclusions and recommendations. The EER-Iran assessed the total health damage from air pollution in 2001 at
about 56 × 1012 Rials (US $ seven billion); equivalent to 8.4% of nominal GDP. In the absence of the price reform and control policies, the
EER-Iran estimated that the damage in Iran in the money of 2001, will grow to 155 × 1012 Rials (US $ nine billion) by 2019. This is equivalent to 10.9% of nominal GDP, i.e., a large percentage of a larger GDP.
Of this total, 107 × 1012 Rials (US $ 8.4 billion) come from transport sector. The damage cost to the global environment from the flaring of natural
gas, assessed on the basis of a carbon price of US $ 10/ton CO2, is found to be approximately US $ 600 million per year.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
472.
J. R. Park M. J. Stabler P. J. Jones S. R. Mortimer J. R. Tiffin R. B. Tranter 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(4):735-750
The issue of the sustainable development of rural economies in England has recently received considerable attention. This
is because many of the poorest areas in the country are rural, often of high environmental quality, but suffering from high
unemployment and a lack of services and facilities. The rapid decline in agricultural incomes and in-migration of affluent
urban workers since 1990 has exacerbated economic inequality in such areas. A number of factors have the potential to drive
rural development and this paper applies, and considers, the feasibility of a method from the USA for combining economic and
environmental variables in a regional growth model to examine the hypothesis that environmental quality is an important determinant
of sustainable rural development in England. The model output suggests that, although environmental quality does play a role
in sustainable rural development in England there are other, more important, factors driving development. These include business
and communications infra-structure, the degree and opportunities for commuting and underlying employment prospects. The robustness
and limitations of the method for combining economic and environmental variables is discussed in relation to the spatial interrelatedness
of Local Authority Districts in England, and conclusions are drawn about areas for refinement and improvement of the method.
相似文献
J. R. ParkEmail: |
473.
Himayatullah Khan 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(2):293-305
Using survey-based data approach for modeling the demand for environmental goods/resources, this study estimates income and
price elasticities of demand for improved environmental quality of two National Parks in Northern Pakistan. The study uses
data from two studies. The estimates indicate that improved environmental quality effects can be described as a luxury and
an ordinary and price elastic service. Confidence intervals show however that the classification as a luxury is not statistically
significant. Income elasticities of willingness to pay are estimated for a broad range of environmental services. The study
finds that income and willingness to pay vary directly and significantly. The elasticity estimates, in general, are greater
than zero, but less than unity. The study concludes that environmental improvements are more beneficial to low-income groups
than for high-income groups.
相似文献
Himayatullah KhanEmail: |
474.
Qiu Cai Mei-Li Long Ming Zhu Qing-Zhen Zhou Ling Zhang Jie Liu 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(11):3078-3082
Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) are environmental pollutants. Environmental samples and bovine tissues were collected from the areas around a lead–zinc smelter in Guizhou, China for Cd, Pb, zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) analysis. Cd in soil (10 mg/kg) and feed (6.6 mg/kg) from the polluted areas was 10 times higher than the Chinese Standards, resulting in higher Cd in bovine kidney (38 mg/kg) and liver (2.5 mg/kg). Pb in feed (132 mg/kg) from the polluted area was much higher than unpolluted areas, causing higher Pb levels in bovine tissues. Environmental Zn was elevated, but bovine tissue Zn was normal. Cu in bovine liver decreased with increased Cd and Pb. Metals in drinking water and in bovine muscle were within the Standard range. Thus, in the areas of this lead–zinc smelter, the environment has been contaminated with Cd and Pb, which has been transferred to cattle through the food chain. 相似文献
475.
Hg concentrations and related risk assessment in coral reef crustaceans, molluscs and fish from New Caledonia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Chouvelon T Warnau M Churlaud C Bustamante P 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(1):331-340
There is a dramatic lack of data on Hg levels in marine organisms from tropical areas, and in particular from New Caledonia. For the first time, this study reports the total Hg concentrations in the tissues of several marine taxa from the New Caledonian lagoon. Seafood from both wild and farmed populations was considered. Hg concentrations varied over three orders of magnitudes according to factors including species, age (size/weight), trophic level, lifestyle and geographical origin. Taking into account the edible tissues, estimations of the amount of flesh that should be consumed by a 60-kg person to reach the Hg Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) reveal acceptable risk for Human health in general. However, a risk was clearly identified in one site of the lagoon (i.e. Grande Rade) where high Hg concentrations were measured. These concentrations were higher than values reported in the current literature. 相似文献
476.
Bing Du Xiaoyi Ji R. Daren Harmel Larry M. Hauck 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2009,45(2):475-484
Abstract: The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was evaluated for estimation of continuous daily flow based on limited flow measurements in the Upper Oyster Creek (UOC) watershed. SWAT was calibrated against limited measured flow data and then validated. The Nash‐Sutcliffe model Efficiency (NSE) and mean relative error values of daily flow estimations were 0.66 and 15% for calibration, and 0.56 and 4% for validation, respectively. Also, further evaluation of the model’s estimation of flow at multiple locations was conducted with parametric paired t‐test and nonparametric sign test at a 95% confidence level. Among the five main stem stations, four stations were statistically shown to have good agreement between predicted and measured flows. SWAT underestimated the flow of the fifth main stem station possibly because of the existence of complex flood control measures near to the station. SWAT estimated the daily flow at one tributary station well, but with relatively large errors for the other two tributaries. The spatial pattern of predicted flows matched the measured ones well. Overall, it was concluded from the graphical comparisons and statistical analyses of the model results that SWAT was capable of reproducing continuous daily flows based on limited flow data as is the case in the UOC watershed. 相似文献
477.
Jessica Nihlén Fahlquist 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(2):109-124
The actions performed by individuals, as consumers and citizens, have aggregate negative consequences for the environment.
The question asked in this paper is to what extent it is reasonable to hold individuals and institutions responsible for environmental
problems. A distinction is made between backward-looking and forward-looking responsibility. Previously, individuals were
not seen as being responsible for environmental problems, but an idea that is now sometimes implicitly or explicitly embraced
in the public debate on environmental problems is that individuals are appropriate targets for blame when they perform actions
that are harmful to the environment. This idea is criticized in this paper. It is argued that instead of blaming individuals
for performing actions that are not environmentally friendly we should ascribe forward-looking responsibility to individuals,
a notion that focuses more on capacity and resources than causation and blameworthiness. Furthermore, it is important to emphasize
that a great share of forward-looking responsibility should also be ascribed to institutional agents, primarily governments
and corporations. The urge to ascribe forward-looking responsibility to institutional agents is motivated by the efficiency
aim of responsibility distributions. Simply put, if responsibility is ascribed to governments and corporations there is a
better chance of creating a society in which the opportunities to act in an environmentally friendly way increase. 相似文献
478.
A survey on the public perception of CCS in France 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Minh Ha-Duong Alain Nadaï Ana Sofía Campos 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2009,3(5):633-640
An awareness and opinion survey on carbon capture and storage (CCS) was conducted on a representative sample of French residents aged 15 years and above. About 6% of respondents were able to provide a satisfactory definition of the technology. The key question about ‘approval of or opposition to’ the use of CCS in France was asked twice, first after presenting the technology, then after explaining its potential adverse consequences. The approval rates, which were 59% and 38%, respectively, show that there is no a priori rejection of the technology. The sample was split in two to test for a semantic effect: half of the questionnaires used “Stockage” (English: storage), the other half “Sequestration”. Manipulating the vocabulary had no statistically significant effect on approval rates. Stockage is more meaningful, but does not convey the idea of permanent monitoring. 相似文献
479.
Shinya Inazumi Hiroyasu Ohtsu Yu Otake Makoto Kimura Masashi Kamon 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2009,11(1):55-64
An evaluation method that can express the local leakage of leachate from joint sections in steel pipe sheet pile (SPSP) cutoff
walls is discussed in this study. In particular, the evaluation of environmental feasibility (containment of leachates containing
toxic substances) considering a three-dimensional arrangement and hydraulic conductivity distribution of the joint sections
in the SPSP cutoff wall is compared with an evaluation that uses the equivalent hydraulic conductivity. This equivalent hydraulic
conductivity assumes that the joint section and the steel pipe are integrated; therefore, the hydraulic conductivity is substituted
with a uniform permeable layer. However, in an evaluation that employs the equivalent hydraulic conductivity, it is difficult
to consider the local leakage of leachate containing toxic substances from the joint sections in the SPSP cutoff wall. It
was established that evaluations of the environmental feasibility of SPSP cutoff walls with joint sections must take into
account the local leakage of leachates containing toxic substances from the joint sections. Also, it was clarified that technologies
that lower the hydraulic conductivities of joint sections in SPSP cutoff walls and also facilitate the use of sparser joint
arrangements contribute significantly to increasing the environmental feasibility of SPSP cutoff walls at landfill sites. 相似文献
480.
Although it has been estimated that as many as 80% of all occupational accidents have human errors as a cause, no risk assessment tools incorporating human-related elements have been developed for small companies. Human error probability (HEP) and human error analysis (HEA) have been used for large-scale, safety-critical industries for last three decades, but these tools are not suitable for smaller, more general industries that comprise the majority of accident settings.Here, we describe and verify a risk assessment tool that includes human-related elements for small companies. The tool expands on traditional risk assessment methods, such as matrix, risk graph and numerical scoring method, by adding human-related elements. The tool is easy-to-use in occupational environments, and includes assessments of human behavior and potentially outdated machinery at work place. 相似文献