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651.
Lam LT 《Journal of Safety Research》2002,33(3):411-419
PROBLEM: Motor-vehicle accidents are one of the major causes of injury in most motorized countries. Driver distractions have been suggested as a contributor to traffic accidents. Moreover, age of the driver seems to have a role in the relationship between distractions and car crashes. But very few studies have investigated the effect of driver's age on this relationship. This exploratory study investigated the association between distractions, both inside and outside the vehicle, and the increased risk of car crash injury among drivers across different ages. METHOD: This study used a case series design to analyze data routinely collected by the NSW police in Australia. A special focus of this study was on how drivers' age affects the risk of car crash injury, which was determined by using a well-documented risk estimation methodology. RESULTS: The results obtained indicated that drivers of all ages, on the whole, are more susceptible to distractions inside the vehicle than distractions coming from outside. Age was shown to affect the relationship between in-vehicle distraction and the risk of car crash injury. A separate analysis was also conducted on hand-held phone usage while driving with results supplementing previous findings reported in the literature. IMPACT TO INDUSTRY: Safety strategies to countermeasure in-vehicle distractions have been suggested and discussed. 相似文献
652.
653.
River systems as providers of goods and services: a basis for comparing desired and undesired effects of large dam projects 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Brismar A 《Environmental management》2002,29(5):598-609
In developing countries, large dam projects continue to be launched, primarily to secure a time-stable freshwater supply and
to generate hydropower. Meanwhile, calls for environmentally sustainable development put pressure on the dam-building industry
to integrate ecological concerns in project planning and decision-making. Such integration requires environmental impact statements
(EISs) that can communicate the societal implications of the ecological effects in terms that are understandable and useful
to planners and decision-makers.
The purpose of this study is to develop a basic framework for assessing the societal implications of the river ecological
effects expected of a proposed large dam project. The aim is to facilitate a comparison of desired and potential undesired
effects on-site and downstream. The study involves two main tasks: to identify key river goods and services that a river system
may provide, and to analyze how the implementation of a large dam project may alter the on-site capacity and downstream potentials
to derive river goods and services from the river system.
Three river goods and six river services are identified. River goods are defined as extractable partly man-made products and
river services as naturally sustained processes. By four main types of flow manipulations, a large dam project improves the
on-site capacity to derive desired river goods, but simultaneously threatens the provision of desirable river goods and services
downstream. However, by adjusting the site, design, and operational schedule of the proposed dam project, undesirable effects
on river goods and services can be minimized. 相似文献
654.
Public involvement is recognized by legislators, practitioners, academics, nongovernment organizations and, most importantly,
affected communities, as a fundamental component of environmental assessment (EA) processes. Experience with public involvement
in EA has proven, however, that despite good intentions, there are formidable barriers to participation. This paper examines
this issue, largely through a case study of a new Can$120 million hog processing facility in Brandon, Canada. Primary data
were collected in three phases, using multiple methodological techniques, including document review, qualitative interviews,
and a mail questionnaire. Results included a diverse list of barriers to involvement, grouped into two primary categories:
structural and individual. A significant structural barrier was a belief that becoming involved would not make a difference
as the ultimate decision in the case was a foregone conclusion. An important individual barrier was that people did not know
about the EA. Finally, the results indicated that lack of interest was not an important reason for nonparticipation. 相似文献
655.
I.?M.?GrenEmail author M.?Bussolo M.?Hill D.?Pinelli 《Regional Environmental Change》2003,3(4):146-153
The paper calculates the implications of including monetary measurements of environmental emission changes for the welfare
impacts of ecological tax reforms in Italy and Sweden. Taxes on emissions of SO2, NOx and CO2 are investigated. Country-specific computable equilibrium models are used for estimating net welfare changes of the introduction
of these taxes, the incomes of which are used for reducing distorting labour taxes. The results indicate that the inclusion
of environmental benefits reduces the costs of ecological tax reforms considerably for both countries, and may even turn into
net welfare gains. 相似文献
656.
This paper presents an aerosol generation technique developed to produce dry aerosol particles of various sizes from aqueous solutions of salt. The technique was tested with sodium chloride, lithium carbonate and uranyl acetate at various aqueous concentrations which produced particles in the size range of 0.13-1.37 microm Mass Median Diameter (MMD). The generated aerosols were acceptably monodisperse with a geometric standard deviation of 1.4-2. Both MMD and Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter (MMAD) increased significantly (p<0.001) with increased concentration of the salt in solution. The technique can also be used to generate aerosols of different chemical species. The results obtained indicate that the system is convenient for use with various aerosol-forming materials, with a stable particle size distribution being maintained for a long period of steady operation. The technique was successfully applied in wind tunnel studies to simulate the release of submicron radioactive particles and their interception by crops, grass and tree canopies. The relevance and application of the technique in other areas of environmental assessment studies is discussed. 相似文献
657.
The purpose of this research was to explore the concept of an environmental racism claim through the use of several environmental
management tools. The EPAs Toxics Release Inventory, Cumulative Exposure Project, and the Los Angeles County Department of
Health Services' Hot Zone Census Tract Assessment were combined with racial and socioeconomic data to test claims that minorities
in South Central Los Angeles are disproportionately exposed to environmental lead. Multivariate analysis indicated that race
is strongly associated with the number of cases of elevated blood lead levels in South Central, irrespective of poverty status.
Proximity to point sources, a common focal point for studies of environmental racism, was not a contributing factor to health
outcomes. Proximity to transportation corridors was consistently the strongest indicator of environmental lead exposure, while
median home values were significantly and positively related to elevated blood lead levels. Implications for environmental
justice advocates and social and environmental scientists are discussed. 相似文献
658.
It is now widely accepted that members of the public should be involved in environmental decision-making. This has inspired
many to search for principles that characterize good public participation processes. In this paper we report on a study that
identifies discourses about what defines a good process. Our case study was a forest planning process in northern New England
and New York. We employed Q methodology to learn how participants characterize a good process differently, by selecting, defining,
and privileging different principles. Five discourses, or perspectives, about good process emerged from our study. One perspective
emphasizes that a good process acquires and maintains popular legitimacy. A second sees a good process as one that facilitates
an ideological discussion. A third focuses on the fairness of the process. A fourth perspective conceptualizes participatory
processes as a power struggle—in this instance a power play between local landowning interests and outsiders. A fifth perspective
highlights the need for leadership and compromise. Dramatic differences among these views suggest an important challenge for
those responsible for designing and carrying out public participation processes. Conflicts may emerge about process designs
because people disagree about what is good in specific contexts. 相似文献
659.
The production of large quantities of wastes globally has created a commercial activity involving the transfrontier shipments
of hazardous wastes, intended to be managed at economically attractive waste-handling facilities located elsewhere. In fact,
huge quantities of hazardous wastes apparently travel the world in search of “acceptable” waste management facilities. For
instance, within the industrialized countries alone, millions of tonnes of potentially hazardous waste cross national frontiers
each year on their way for recycling or to treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDFs) because there is no local disposal
capacity for these wastes, or because legal disposal or reuse in a foreign country may be more environmentally sound, or managing
the wastes in the foreign country may be less expensive than at home. The cross-boundary traffic in hazardous wastes has lately
been under close public scrutiny, however, resulting in the accession of several international agreements and laws to regulate
such activities. This paper discusses and analyzes the most significant control measures and major agreements in this new
commercial activity involving hazardous wastes. In particular, the discussion recognizes the difficulties with trying to implement
the relevant international agreements among countries of vastly different socioeconomic backgrounds. Nonetheless, it is also
noted that global environmental agreements will generally be a necessary component of ensuring adequate environmental protection
for the world community—and thus a need for the careful implementation of such agreements and regulations. 相似文献
660.
Manoliadis OG 《Environmental management》2001,28(4):497-504
Irrigation management calls for objective criteria capable of representing the economy, reliability, and productivity of irrigation
systems. These criteria must be compatible with long-term sustainability and conservation goals. The criteria representing
the above goals are the economic effect of management on yield reduction, economic effect, and reliability referring to plant
growth and operation of the network. In this study environmental indices are introduced to express the above criteria in quantitative
terms. The inclusion of these indices at the farm and network level create a multicriteria framework for decision-making based
on composite programming. An experimental study was conducted during the irrigation periods of 1989 and 1990 in Chania, Greece,
concerning water delivered to 40 experimental plots, soil moisture content at the rootzone, and irrigation system operational
failures. The data collected in real time were used for the calculation of the corresponding environmental indices. The variation
in time and space is high and resulted in up to 62% of yield loss and low system performance (up to 7% of system temporal
reliability). The study indicated that environmental indices could be incorporated to select alternatives and also to develop
policies on water delivery. The final decision involves a trade-off analysis between cost of application and desired system
performance. Measures of both primary objectives can be obtained using environmental indices that represent system operation
aggregation at its basic levels (on farm and network). 相似文献