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421.
J. R. Park M. J. Stabler P. J. Jones S. R. Mortimer J. R. Tiffin R. B. Tranter 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(4):735-750
The issue of the sustainable development of rural economies in England has recently received considerable attention. This
is because many of the poorest areas in the country are rural, often of high environmental quality, but suffering from high
unemployment and a lack of services and facilities. The rapid decline in agricultural incomes and in-migration of affluent
urban workers since 1990 has exacerbated economic inequality in such areas. A number of factors have the potential to drive
rural development and this paper applies, and considers, the feasibility of a method from the USA for combining economic and
environmental variables in a regional growth model to examine the hypothesis that environmental quality is an important determinant
of sustainable rural development in England. The model output suggests that, although environmental quality does play a role
in sustainable rural development in England there are other, more important, factors driving development. These include business
and communications infra-structure, the degree and opportunities for commuting and underlying employment prospects. The robustness
and limitations of the method for combining economic and environmental variables is discussed in relation to the spatial interrelatedness
of Local Authority Districts in England, and conclusions are drawn about areas for refinement and improvement of the method.
相似文献
J. R. ParkEmail: |
422.
Himayatullah Khan 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(2):293-305
Using survey-based data approach for modeling the demand for environmental goods/resources, this study estimates income and
price elasticities of demand for improved environmental quality of two National Parks in Northern Pakistan. The study uses
data from two studies. The estimates indicate that improved environmental quality effects can be described as a luxury and
an ordinary and price elastic service. Confidence intervals show however that the classification as a luxury is not statistically
significant. Income elasticities of willingness to pay are estimated for a broad range of environmental services. The study
finds that income and willingness to pay vary directly and significantly. The elasticity estimates, in general, are greater
than zero, but less than unity. The study concludes that environmental improvements are more beneficial to low-income groups
than for high-income groups.
相似文献
Himayatullah KhanEmail: |
423.
Qiu Cai Mei-Li Long Ming Zhu Qing-Zhen Zhou Ling Zhang Jie Liu 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(11):3078-3082
Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) are environmental pollutants. Environmental samples and bovine tissues were collected from the areas around a lead–zinc smelter in Guizhou, China for Cd, Pb, zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) analysis. Cd in soil (10 mg/kg) and feed (6.6 mg/kg) from the polluted areas was 10 times higher than the Chinese Standards, resulting in higher Cd in bovine kidney (38 mg/kg) and liver (2.5 mg/kg). Pb in feed (132 mg/kg) from the polluted area was much higher than unpolluted areas, causing higher Pb levels in bovine tissues. Environmental Zn was elevated, but bovine tissue Zn was normal. Cu in bovine liver decreased with increased Cd and Pb. Metals in drinking water and in bovine muscle were within the Standard range. Thus, in the areas of this lead–zinc smelter, the environment has been contaminated with Cd and Pb, which has been transferred to cattle through the food chain. 相似文献
424.
Michael W. Suplee Vicki Watson Mark Teply Heather McKee 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2009,45(1):123-140
Abstract: A public opinion survey was carried out in Montana to ascertain if the public identifies a level of benthic (bottom‐attached) river and stream algae that is undesirable for recreation. The survey had two parts; an On‐River survey and a By‐Mail survey. The On‐River survey was conducted via 44 trips randomly scheduled throughout the state during which recreators were interviewed in‐person at the stream. Selection of stream segments and survey dates/times was based on known, statewide recreational use patterns. By‐Mail survey forms were sent to 2,000 individuals randomly selected from Montana’s Centralized Voter File (CVF) available from the Montana Secretary of State. The CVF was current through 2004 and represented over 85% of the state’s eligible voting population. In both surveys, eight randomly ordered photographs depicting varying levels of stream benthic algae were presented, and participants were asked if the algae level shown was desirable or undesirable for recreation. Survey form design, selection of photographs, and pretesting followed acceptable protocols that limited unintentional bias through survey execution. There were 433 returned forms (389 complete) for the By‐Mail survey, while the On‐River survey documented 563 interviews. In both surveys, as benthic algal chlorophyll a (Chl a) levels increased, desirability for recreation decreased. (Other measures of benthic algae biomass are presented as well.) For the public majority, mean benthic Chl a levels ≥200 mg/m2 were determined to be undesirable for recreation, whereas mean levels ≤150 mg Chl a/m2 were found to be desirable. Error rates were within the survey’s statistical design criteria (≤5%). The largest potential error source was nonresponse in the By‐Mail survey; however, the population represented by nonrespondents would have to exhibit profoundly different perceptions of river and stream algae to meaningfully alter the results. Results support earlier work in the literature suggesting 150 mg Chl a/m2 represents a benthic algae nuisance threshold. 相似文献
425.
E. Howard Coker Rollin H. Hotchkiss Dennis A. Johnson 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2009,45(4):815-827
Abstract: A present and future challenge for water resources engineers is to extend the useful life of our dams and reservoirs. Ongoing reservoir sedimentation in impoundments must be addressed; sedimentation in many reservoirs already limits project benefits and effective project life. Sustainability requires that incoming sediment be moved downstream past the impounding dam. We use Lewis and Clark Lake, the most downstream of the six Missouri River main stem reservoirs, to demonstrate how a reservoir in advanced stages of its project life could be converted to a sustainable system with local benefits exceeding costs by a factor of 1.5. Full consideration of benefits would further enhance project justification. The proposed strategy involves four phases that will take about 50 years to complete. Cost estimates for this potential project range from the quantitative to the plausible, but it is clear that the results justify a full engineering, environmental, and economic study of this model project. If implemented, the project will create scientific knowledge and develop technologies useful for achieving sustainability at many other reservoirs in the Mississippi River basin and beyond. 相似文献
426.
Jessica Nihlén Fahlquist 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(2):109-124
The actions performed by individuals, as consumers and citizens, have aggregate negative consequences for the environment.
The question asked in this paper is to what extent it is reasonable to hold individuals and institutions responsible for environmental
problems. A distinction is made between backward-looking and forward-looking responsibility. Previously, individuals were
not seen as being responsible for environmental problems, but an idea that is now sometimes implicitly or explicitly embraced
in the public debate on environmental problems is that individuals are appropriate targets for blame when they perform actions
that are harmful to the environment. This idea is criticized in this paper. It is argued that instead of blaming individuals
for performing actions that are not environmentally friendly we should ascribe forward-looking responsibility to individuals,
a notion that focuses more on capacity and resources than causation and blameworthiness. Furthermore, it is important to emphasize
that a great share of forward-looking responsibility should also be ascribed to institutional agents, primarily governments
and corporations. The urge to ascribe forward-looking responsibility to institutional agents is motivated by the efficiency
aim of responsibility distributions. Simply put, if responsibility is ascribed to governments and corporations there is a
better chance of creating a society in which the opportunities to act in an environmentally friendly way increase. 相似文献
427.
Shinya Inazumi Hiroyasu Ohtsu Yu Otake Makoto Kimura Masashi Kamon 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2009,11(1):55-64
An evaluation method that can express the local leakage of leachate from joint sections in steel pipe sheet pile (SPSP) cutoff
walls is discussed in this study. In particular, the evaluation of environmental feasibility (containment of leachates containing
toxic substances) considering a three-dimensional arrangement and hydraulic conductivity distribution of the joint sections
in the SPSP cutoff wall is compared with an evaluation that uses the equivalent hydraulic conductivity. This equivalent hydraulic
conductivity assumes that the joint section and the steel pipe are integrated; therefore, the hydraulic conductivity is substituted
with a uniform permeable layer. However, in an evaluation that employs the equivalent hydraulic conductivity, it is difficult
to consider the local leakage of leachate containing toxic substances from the joint sections in the SPSP cutoff wall. It
was established that evaluations of the environmental feasibility of SPSP cutoff walls with joint sections must take into
account the local leakage of leachates containing toxic substances from the joint sections. Also, it was clarified that technologies
that lower the hydraulic conductivities of joint sections in SPSP cutoff walls and also facilitate the use of sparser joint
arrangements contribute significantly to increasing the environmental feasibility of SPSP cutoff walls at landfill sites. 相似文献
428.
We provide evidence for temporal displacement of illegal discharges of oil from shipping, a major source of ocean pollution, in response to a monitoring technology that features variation in the probability of conviction by time of day. During the nighttime, evidence collected by Coast Guard aircraft using radar becomes contestable in court because the nature of an identified spot cannot be verified visually by an observer on board of the aircraft. Seasonal variation in time of sunset is used to distinguish evasive behavior from daily routines on board. Using data from surveillance flights above the Dutch part of the North Sea during 1992–2011, we provide evidence for a sudden increase in illegal discharges after sunset across the year. Our results show that even a tiny chance of getting caught and a mild punishment can have a major impact on behavior. 相似文献
429.
Niklas Harring 《环境政策》2017,26(2):278-300
Years of research show that left-leaning individuals are more supportive of environmental policies than right-leaning individuals. The explanation for the lower level of support among right-leaning individuals is their stronger preference for economic growth and lower acceptance of intervention in markets. However, recent cross-national studies have questioned whether the effect of ideology on environmental support is universal. A Swedish survey experiment shows that the effect of ideology varies greatly depending on how individuals think about the environment. Specifically, it demonstrates that if environmental support is contrasted with economic growth, then the effect of ideology is stronger as opposed to when environmental support is not juxtaposed with economic growth. Furthermore, among people who strongly perceive the environment as a left–right issue, there is a larger divide between left and right. 相似文献
430.