全文获取类型
收费全文 | 11938篇 |
免费 | 680篇 |
国内免费 | 367篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 1757篇 |
废物处理 | 171篇 |
环保管理 | 3906篇 |
综合类 | 3833篇 |
基础理论 | 1090篇 |
环境理论 | 28篇 |
污染及防治 | 497篇 |
评价与监测 | 884篇 |
社会与环境 | 524篇 |
灾害及防治 | 295篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 107篇 |
2022年 | 142篇 |
2021年 | 225篇 |
2020年 | 387篇 |
2019年 | 245篇 |
2018年 | 216篇 |
2017年 | 321篇 |
2016年 | 430篇 |
2015年 | 350篇 |
2014年 | 471篇 |
2013年 | 663篇 |
2012年 | 595篇 |
2011年 | 844篇 |
2010年 | 526篇 |
2009年 | 731篇 |
2008年 | 548篇 |
2007年 | 666篇 |
2006年 | 653篇 |
2005年 | 460篇 |
2004年 | 504篇 |
2003年 | 461篇 |
2002年 | 432篇 |
2001年 | 424篇 |
2000年 | 431篇 |
1999年 | 355篇 |
1998年 | 257篇 |
1997年 | 263篇 |
1996年 | 184篇 |
1995年 | 152篇 |
1994年 | 119篇 |
1993年 | 124篇 |
1992年 | 99篇 |
1991年 | 73篇 |
1990年 | 42篇 |
1989年 | 43篇 |
1988年 | 42篇 |
1987年 | 37篇 |
1986年 | 38篇 |
1985年 | 33篇 |
1984年 | 37篇 |
1983年 | 21篇 |
1982年 | 27篇 |
1981年 | 21篇 |
1980年 | 26篇 |
1979年 | 33篇 |
1978年 | 30篇 |
1977年 | 15篇 |
1973年 | 14篇 |
1972年 | 16篇 |
1971年 | 14篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 229 毫秒
951.
Understanding how setting attributes influence the nature of the visitor experience is crucial to effective recreation management.
Highly influential attributes are useful indicators to monitor within a planning framework, such as Limits of Acceptable Change.
This study sought to identify the setting attributes perceived to have the most profound effect on the ability to have “a
real wilderness experience” and to assess the degree to which attribute importance varied with situational context and visitor
characteristics. To this end, exiting hikers were surveyed at moderate and very high use trailheads in Alpine Lakes Wilderness,
WA (USA), and Three Sisters Wilderness, OR (USA). They were asked about the degree to which encountering varying levels of
different setting attributes would add to or detract from their experience. Attributes with the largest range of effect on
experience, based on evaluations of different levels, were considered most important. The most influential attributes were
litter and several types of campsite interaction—people walking through camp and number of other groups camping close by.
The perceived importance of setting attributes did not vary much between wilderness locations with substantially different
use levels, suggesting that conclusions are robust and generalizable across wilderness areas. There also was little difference
in the perceptions of day and overnight visitors. In contrast, we found substantial variation in the perceived importance
of setting attributes with variation in wilderness experience, knowledge, attachment, and motivation. Our results validate
the emphasis of many wilderness management plans on indicators of social interaction, such as number of encounters. 相似文献
952.
Castello L Viana JP Watkins G Pinedo-Vasquez M Luzadis VA 《Environmental management》2009,43(2):197-209
Fishers and small-scale fisheries worldwide have been marginalized historically. Now it is clear that integrating fishers
in management processes is key to resource conservation, but it is less clear how to do it. Here, based on a literature review and new information, we present and analyze a case in which the participation
of fishers in the management process was crucial in recovering an overexploited small-scale fishery for the pirarucu (Arapaima spp.) in the Amazon Basin, Brazil. In 8 years of experimental management, from 1999 to 2006, the population of pirarucu increased
9-fold (from about 2200 to 20,650 individuals), harvest quotas increased 10-fold (from 120 to 1249 individuals), and fishers’
participation in the management process increased and they benefited from increased monetary returns. Additionally, the number
of communities conducting the management scheme increased from 4 in 1999 to 108 in 2006, following the demands of fishers
and regional government agencies. Based on our analysis, we suggest that the participation of fishers in the management of
other small-scale fisheries in the world can be improved by focusing on (1) applying the knowledge and skills of fishers in
resource monitoring and management, (2) bridging knowledge systems among all involved stakeholders, (3) collaborating with
fishers that are interested in, and capable of conducting, resource conservation schemes, and (4) conducting management under
conditions of uncertainty. 相似文献
953.
Hegetschweiler KT van Loon N Ryser A Rusterholz HP Baur B 《Environmental management》2009,43(2):299-310
Urban forests are popular recreation areas in Europe. Several of these temperate broad-leaved forests also have a high conservation
value due to sustainable management over many centuries. Recreational activities, particularly the use of fireplaces, can
cause extensive damage to soil, ground vegetation, shrubs, and trees. Firewood collection depletes woody debris, leading to
a loss of habitat for specialized organisms. We examined the effects of fireplace use on forest vegetation and the amount
of woody debris by comparing disturbed and control plots in suburban forests in northwestern Switzerland. At frequently used
fireplaces, we found reduced species densities in the ground vegetation and shrub layer and changes in plant species composition
due to human trampling within an area of 150–200 m2. Picnicking and grilling also reduced the height and changed the age structure of shrubs and young trees. The amount of woody
debris was lower in disturbed plots than in control plots. Pieces of wood with a diameter of 0.6–7.6 cm were preferentially
collected by fireplace users. The reduction in woody debris volume extended up to a distance of 16 m from the fire ring, covering
an area of 800 m2 at each picnic site. In order to preserve the ecological integrity of urban forests and to maintain their attractiveness
as important recreation areas, we suggest depositing logging residues to be used as firewood and to restrict visitor movements
near picnic sites. 相似文献
954.
Use of Descriptors of Ecosystem Functioning for Monitoring a National Park Network: A Remote Sensing Approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Baseline assessments and monitoring of protected areas are essential for making management decisions, evaluating the effectiveness
of management practices, and tracking the effects of global changes. For these purposes, the analysis of functional attributes
of ecosystems (i.e., different aspects of the exchange of matter and energy) has advantages over the traditional use of structural
attributes, like a quicker response to disturbances and the fact that they are easily monitored through remote sensing. In
this study, we described the spatiotemporal patterns of different aspects of the ecosystem functioning of the Spanish national
parks and their response to environmental changes between 1982 and 2006. To do so, we used the NOAA/AVHRR-GIMMS dataset of
the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), a linear estimator of the fraction of photosynthetic active radiation intercepted
by vegetation, which is the main control of carbon gains. Nearly all parks have significantly changed during the last 25 years:
The radiation interception has increased, the contrast between the growing and nongrowing seasons has diminished, and the
dates of maximum and minimum interception have advanced. Some parks concentrated more changes than others and the degree of
change varied depending on their different environmental conditions, management, and conservation histories. Our approach
identified reference conditions and temporal changes for different aspects of ecosystem functioning, which can be used for
management purposes of protected areas in response to global changes. 相似文献
955.
Agri-environment programs aim to secure environmental and social stewardship services through payments to farmers. A critical
component of many agri-environment programs is an agri-environment index (AEI) used to quantify benefits and target investments.
An AEI will typically comprise multiple indicators, which are weighted and combined using a utility function, to measure the
benefit of investment options (e.g., projects, farms, regions). This article presents a review of AEIs with 11 case studies
from agri-environment programs in the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom. We identify a generic procedure used
to define AEIs and explore the implications of alternative methodological approaches. We conclude that AEIs have become an
extremely important policy instrument and make suggestions for their improvement. 相似文献
956.
随着社会经济的发展,突发性环境污染事故频繁发生。为有效预防和控制突发性环境污染事故,各国开发了相应的应急管理系统,为污染事故处置提供应对技术和决策支持。本文综合论述了国内外突发环境污染事故应急管理系统的开发和应用情况、服务内容及特点,并对我国应急管理的发展提出建议。 相似文献
957.
文章围绕环境友好型社会建设这一核心问题,从建设环境友好型社会是历史的必然切入。分析了建设环境友好型社会应突出解决的关键问题,阐明了建设环境友好型社会需要法律作保障这一基本观点。 相似文献
958.
本文介绍了可靠性标准体系与参数体系,可靠性的分析与设计方法,可靠性试验的发展趋势,指出可靠性管理是产品可靠性工作的核心,以及提高电子设备可靠性的发展策略。 相似文献
959.
960.