2010年洱海全湖磷负荷时空分布特征

为探讨不同来源磷负荷对洱海水体富营养化的贡献,研究了洱海入湖河流、干湿沉降和沉积物内源释放等来源磷负荷的时空变化特征. 结果表明:2010年洱海磷负荷的主要来源是入湖河流,其所带来的磷负荷占总入湖负荷的33%. 入湖河流磷负荷与洱海水体富营养化指数呈显著正相关,并且季节性变化明显,10月是高峰期入湖河流磷负荷区域差异较大,北部3条河流是主要来源,其中以弥苴河入湖磷负荷最大,占入湖河流磷负荷总量的52%. 沉积物磷扩散通量由北向南呈下降趋势,最高值在湖心区,11月最大. 干湿沉降入湖磷负荷季节性变化明显,干沉降占干湿沉降入湖磷负荷总量的47%. 外源入湖磷负荷控制,应以雨季之初为关键时期,以弥苴河及其流域为重点区域,以坝区农业污染控制为重点,同时应加强湖泊水体生态修复控制沉积物内源磷释放.      

辽宁太子河流域非点源氮磷负荷模拟分析

以辽宁太子河流域为研究区,为定量估算该区非点源氮磷污染负荷,经过实地调研和资料收集后,利用单位负荷法和SWAT模型相结合的方法对流域进行1997~2008年径流、泥沙和营养盐输出的模拟研究,进行了多参数、多目标和多站点详细的参数率定和模拟验证,最后分析了非点源氮磷负荷的时空分布规律.结果表明:径流模拟效果较好,泥沙和营养盐模拟结果符合要求,模型在太子河流域适用性较好,可以模拟分析该地区的非点源污染负荷问题;1997~2008年年均总氮和总磷负荷为17357.43t和7110.91t,氮磷负荷的时空分布受降雨径流过程的影响,汛期(6~9月)负荷总量占全年的77.76%和80%;负荷强度的空间差异较大,全流域多年平均值为13.20,5.41kg/hm2,流域内污染负荷关键源区是灯塔市和辽阳县.     

Modeling agricultural non-point source pollution in a high-precipitation coastal area of China

Non-point source （NPS） pollution simulation in the high-precipitation coastal areas of China is difficult because varying annual typhoon incidence leads to highly contrasting rainfall patterns in dry years and wet years. An IMPULSE （Integrated Model of Non-point Sources Pollution Processes） based NPS model of the Changtan Reservoir watershed, which is a typical high-precipitation coastal area in China, was established based on the analysis of point and NPS pollution data, a digital elevation model, and data on land-use, soil, meteorology, economy, and agricultural management practice. Pre-processed pre-rain- fall soil moisture levels were introduced during the simulation to model the effects of typhoons on hydrology. Rainfall events were simulated sequentially through the year and the model was calibrated and verified using hydrological and water quality data. Accuracy of the simulated rainfall runoff and water quality in the Changtan watershed was found to be acceptable. The study showed that the NPS modeling system could be applied to the simulation and prediction ofNPS loadings in the Changtan Reservoir watershed.     

洱海沉水植物空间分布及生物量估算

为研究洱海沉水植物空间分布特征并估算全湖沉水植物的生物量,于2009年8—9月采用回声测深仪和RTK-GPS定位仪测定了洱海沉水植物分布区面积,通过样方调查研究了不同基底高程下沉水植物的平均生物量. 结果表明,洱海沉水植物分布区的面积为19.40km2,占整个湖泊面积的7.7%;其中东区、南区、西区和北区水生植物分布面积分别占25.1%、7.4%、41.0%和26.5%. 沉水植物分布的基底高程范围为1959.0~1965.0m,最深分布线水深的平均值为4.9m,最大值为6.2m. 其中水深2.0~3.0m处平均生物量最大. 从各区域看,北区沉水植物最深分布线水深平均值(5.2m)最大,西区(5.0m)和南区(4.8m)其次,东部(4.6m)最小;沉水植物平均分布宽度表现为北区(399.2m)>南区(213.6m)>西区(175.0m)>东区(86.4m). 沉水植物生物量在8—9月达到最大值,为1.60×105t.      

洱海湖滨带不同基底高程下菰出苗及生长特征

为研究洱海不同类型湖滨带菰(Zizania caduciflora)的出苗及生长的特征,在2010年3月和6月(菰的主要出苗和生长季节)调查洱海湖湾型和非湖湾型湖滨带不同基底高程上菰生物量、密度、植株叶片数、植株高度等的变化,分析洱海水位变化的影响. 结果表明:随着湖滨带基底高程的降低,洱海湖滨带菰的密度、生物量、单株叶片数呈先增高后快速降低趋势,株高则呈增大后基本不变的趋势;从株密度及生物量看,随着3—6月洱海水位的降低,湖湾型和非湖湾型湖滨带菰生长的最适基底高程都随之下降,3月为1964.85m,6月为1964.55m,所对应的水深均为0.3m. 3月和6月湖湾型湖滨带能够出苗良好的基底高程比非湖湾型分别低了0.3和0.6m;随着水位的下降,湖湾型湖滨带菰出苗良好的范围向水下延伸,但在非湖湾型湖滨带,出苗良好的最低高程几乎不变. 湖湾型和非湖湾型湖滨带菰出苗和生长的差异显示出其影响因素不同,在湖湾型湖滨带,水深动态变化是主要影响因子,而在非湖湾型湖滨带,风浪作用和水深动态变化存在共同作用.      

流域环境司法机制的发展：从环境法庭到环境法院

为促进流域的司法保护,我国一些地方法院成立了专门的流域环境法庭。但从流域环境法庭和流域环境巡回法庭的实践情况来看,还不能满足流域整体性保护的需要,也不能适应流域法的发展需求。我国流域司法机制建设,宜从流域环境法庭逐渐转到流域环境法院。流域环境法院的建立在我国环境司法专门化进程中具有必要性和可行性。按照流域法的保护理念和环境司法专门化的要求,流域环境法院的建设首先要合理设置审判机构,其次要科学设计程序制度,为流域生态环境保护提供强有力的司法保障。     

USE OF SOIL AND WATER PROTECTION PRACTICES AMONG FARMERS IN THE NORTH CENTRAL REGION OF THE UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT: Data were collected in the fall of 1998 and the winter of 1999 from 1,011 land owner‐operators within three watersheds in the North Central Region of the United States to assess adoption of soil and water protection practices. Farm owner‐operators were asked to indicate how frequently they used 18 different agricultural production practices. Many farmers within the three watersheds had adopted conservation protection practices. However, they also employed production practices that could negate many of the environmental benefits associated with conservation practices in use. Comparison of adoption behaviors used in the three watersheds revealed significant differences among the study groups. Respondents in the Iowa and Ohio watersheds reported greater use of conservation production systems than did farmers in Minnesota. However, there were no significant differences between Ohio and Iowa farmers in terms of use of conservation production practices. This was surprising, since farmers in the Ohio watershed had received massive amounts of public and private investments to motivate them to adopt and to continue using conservation production systems. These findings bring into serious question the use of traditional voluntary conservation programs such as those employed in the Ohio watershed. Study findings suggest that new policy approaches should be considered. It is argued that “whole farm planning” should be a significant component of new agricultural conservation policy.     

SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE EVAPORATION ESTIMATION TECHNIQUE FOR CONTINUOUS MODELING1

ABSTRACT: The importance of evaporation in hydrologic modeling has been investigated by analysis of water budget at various scales and application of a water management model at plot scale. The data at all scales indicate that evaporation constitutes a major hydrological output. Accurate determination of watershed evapotranspiration depends upon appropriate accounting for the various components of evapotranspiration and their areal and temporal variability. An application of a water management model has revealed that the ranking of the sensitivity of input parameters depends upon the method of determination of evapotranspiration.     

COOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF THE DUNGENESS WATERSHED TO PROTECT SALMON IN WASHINGTON STATE1

ABSTRACT: Over the last decade, the Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe has formed partnerships with their neighboring county government, irrigation districts, property owners, and state and federal agencies in an effort to save the dwindling runs of Dungeness River salmon. Although considerable progress has been made to begin the recovery process, the watershed is included in recent listings of Pacific Northwest salmon under the Endangered Species Act. Under the coordination of an active watershed council, significant improvements have been made in water conservation and the protection of instream flows. Cooperation between the Tribe, irrigation districts and the Washington Department of Ecology resulted in a trust water rights agreement and the reduction of late summer water withdrawals by one‐third.     

EXPORT COEFFICIENT MODELING TO ASSESS PHOSPHORUS LOADING IN AN URBAN WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: An export coefficient modeling approach was used to assess the influence of land use on phosphorus loading to a Southern Ontario stream. A model was constructed for the 1995–1996 water year and calibrated within ± 3 percent of the observed mean concentration of total phosphorus. It was found that runoff from urban areas contributed most to the loading of phosphorus to the stream. When the model was assessed by running it for the 1977–1978 water year, using water quality and land use data collected independently, agreement within ± 7 percent was obtained. The model was then used to forecast the impact of future urban development proposed for the watershed, in terms of phosphorus loading, and to evaluate the reduction in loading resulting from several urban best management practices (BMP). It was determined that phosphorus removal will have to be applied to all the urban runoff from the watershed to appreciably reduce stream phosphorus concentration. Of the BMP designs assessed, an infiltration pond system resulted in the greatest phosphorus load reduction, 50 percent from the 1995–1996 baseline.