Response of the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) to climate change in relation to its pest status, vectoring potential and function in a crop-vector-virus pathosystem

Global climate change threatens world food production via direct effects on plant growth and alterations to pest and pathogen prevalence and distribution. Complex relationships between host plant, pest, pathogen and environment create uncertainty particularly involving vector-borne diseases. We attempt to improve the understanding of the effects of climate change via a detailed review of one crop-vector-pathogen system.The bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi, is a global pest of cereals and vector of yellow dwarf viruses that cause significant crop losses in cereals. R. padi exhibits both sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction, alternating between crops and other host plants. In Australia, only parthenogenesis occurs due to the absence of the primary host, thus the aphid continuously cycles from grasses to cereals, allowing for continuous virus acquisition and transmission.We have reviewed the potential impact of future climate projections on R. padi population dynamics, persistence, abundance, dispersal and migration events as well as the interactions between vector, virus, crop and environment, all of which are critical to the behaviour and development of the vector and its ability to transmit the virus. We identify a number of knowledge gaps that currently limit efforts to determine how this pathosystem will function in a future climate.     

浅谈我国职业病防治现状及其对策

针对目前我国职业病高发的现状,从企业职业病危害因素的产生、相关部门监督及职业卫生人才短缺等环节存在的问题进行剖析,探讨下一步职业卫生管理努力的方向及对策.     

果树缺铁失绿症矫治方法简述

本文简单评述了果树缺铁失绿症的多种矫治方法及其效果,以供各地在矫治果树失绿症时参考。     

中国地表臭氧浓度估算及健康影响评估

在PM2.5浓度逐年下降的背景下,臭氧浓度不降反升,臭氧已成为中国暖季的主要污染物之一.基于大数据关联分析思路,构建并开发了极限梯度提升(XGBoost)臭氧浓度估算模型,用以估算2019年中国每日最大8 h平均臭氧浓度(O3_8h),用于人类暴露评估.该模型输入地面监测站点数据、高分辨率遥感卫星数据、气象数据、排放清...     

镰刀菌毒素与某些疾病的关系

本文概述了某些镰刀菌毒素生中毒后引起大牲畜霉玉米中毒、人食物中毒性白细胞缺乏症及赤霉病毒中毒症等疾病;亚急性中毒可能导致人的大骨节病的克山病;慢性中毒可能致癌。强调自然界中镰马菌毒素对人畜健康的危害。     

粮食和水中串珠镰刀菌素的脱毒研究

为预防串珠镰刀菌素对人畜健康的危害提供依据,在提出串珠镰刀菌素可能是克山病的主要病因之后,建立了标准加入法定量测定培养物中毒素含量,在串珠镰刀菌素含量为8.8mg/g时回收率为97.7％。研究串珠镰刀菌素的去毒方法,发现漂白粉对水中串珠镰刀菌素脱毒效果明显,每毫克毒素用1.5mg漂白粉中有效氯即可去除;粮食中脱毒采用5％H₂O₂喷淋效果最佳。这些去毒方法不仅成本低、简便、而且无二次污染。     

贵州碘缺乏病区环境中碘的特征研究

为探讨贵州碘缺乏病与环境的关系,以及环境中岩石、土壤和水对碘缺乏病分布的影响因素,对贵州碘缺乏病的重病区、轻病区和非病区进行了一定量的岩石、土壤、水及粮食作物(大米和玉米)样品采集,测试碘背景含量,并进行对比分析。结果显示,环境中岩、土及水碘背景与贵州碘缺乏病分布有一定的关系。重病区主要属岩石、土壤和水碘背景含量低的分布区,其岩石类型主要为碳酸盐岩;非病区主要属岩石、土壤和水碘背景含量相对较高的分布区,其岩石类型主要为煤系;轻病区分布的岩石、土壤和水碘背景含量则介于重病区和非病区之间,其岩石类型主要为浅变质岩和碎屑岩。      

Dissolution of beryllium in artificial lung alveolar macrophage phagolysosomal fluid

Dissolution of a lung burden of poorly soluble beryllium particles is hypothesized to be necessary for development of chronic beryllium lung disease (CBD) in humans. As such, particle dissolution rate must be sufficient to activate the lung immune response and dissolution lifetime sufficient to maintain chronic inflammation for months to years to support development of disease. The purpose of this research was to investigate the hypothesis that poorly soluble beryllium compounds release ions via dissolution in lung fluid. Dissolution kinetics of 17 poorly soluble particulate beryllium materials that span extraction through ceramics machining (ores, hydroxide, metal, copper-beryllium [CuBe] fume, oxides) and three CuBe alloy reference materials (chips, solid block) were measured over 31 d using artificial lung alveolar macrophage phagolysosomal fluid (pH 4.5). Differences in beryllium-containing particle physicochemical properties translated into differences in dissolution rates and lifetimes in artificial phagolysosomal fluid. Among all materials, dissolution rate constant values ranged from 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻¹⁰ g cm⁻² d⁻¹ and half-times ranged from tens to thousands of days. The presence of magnesium trisilicate in some beryllium oxide materials may have slowed dissolution rates. Materials associated with elevated prevalence of CBD had faster beryllium dissolution rates [10⁻⁷-10⁻⁸ g cm⁻² d⁻¹] than materials not associated with elevated prevalence (p < 0.05).     

医务人员职业健康危害及其关键控制环节

通过查阅、分析大量文献,结合实际工作经验,系统阐述了医务人员面临的主要职业危害因素,并针对我国医务人员职业危害现状和防治工作中存在的主要问题,提出防治关键环节和措施。分析表明:我国医务人员职业暴露危害严重;医务人员的生命质量和平均寿命低于普通人群;医院职业卫生立法和技术标准滞后;防治措施不力,医务人员职业健康权益得不到有效保护。同时指出对医务人员职业危害防治的关键措施:必须通过加强科学研究、制定法规标准、建设医院安全文化、加强宣传教育和培训、推广免疫接种和防护技术、科学设计工作流程、加强心理疏导等关键措施,有效防治医务人员职业健康危害。     

Seeing,believing, and behaving: Heterogeneous effects of an information intervention on household water treatment

Providing information about environmental health risks only sometimes induces protective action. This raises questions about whether and how risk information is understood and acted upon, and how responses vary across contexts. To characterize such variation, we stratified a randomized experiment related to household water quality across two periurban areas in Cambodia. When we showed specific evidence of water contamination to lower-SES households who were initially more optimistic about water safety, they altered their beliefs about health risk and increased their demand for a treatment product. However, demand for the treatment product among higher and initially more pessimistic SES households did not change significantly. These findings highlight the importance of better understanding heterogeneity in the specific drivers of responses to health risk information.