流光放电等离子体污水消毒灭菌

采用流光放电等离子体技术,研究放电电压、大肠杆菌初始浓度、反应器类型对大肠杆菌灭杀的影响,并将流光放电等离子体与臭氧灭菌进行效果对比。结果表明:当在水槽装置中,处理温度为室温,大肠杆菌初始浓度为480 000个/L,放电时间为45 min,水样体积V=50 L,气量Q=8 m3/h,放电电压为30 k V,电流I=11 m A时大肠杆菌的去除率达到99%。流光放电等离子体与臭氧去除污水中大肠杆菌的能力都较强,与臭氧灭菌相,比流光放电等离子体杀菌经济成本低廉许多。     

STATEWIDE EMPIRICAL MODELING OF BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF SURFACE WATERS1

ABSTRACT: Bacterial contamination of surface waters is attributed to both urban and agricultural land use practices and is one of the most frequently cited reasons for failure to meet standards established under the Clean Water Act (CWA) (P.L. 92–500). Statewide modeling can be used to determine if bacterial contamination occurs predominantly in urban or agricultural settings. Such information is useful for directing future monitoring and allocating resources for protection and restoration activities. Logistic regression was used to model the likelihood of bacterial contamination using watershed factors for the state of Maryland. Watershed factors included land cover, soils, topography, hydrography, locations of septic systems, and animal feeding operations. Results indicated that bacterial contamination occurred predominantly in urban settings. Likelihood of bacterial contamination was highest for small watersheds with well drained and erodible soils and a high proportion of urban land adjacent to streams. The number of septic systems and animal feeding operations and the amount of agricultural land were not significant explanatory factors. The urban infrastructure tends to “connect” more of the watershed to the stream network through the creation of roads, storm sewers, and wastewater treatment plants. This may partly explain the relationship between urbanization and bacterial contamination found in this study.     

纳米TiO2水悬浮液对大肠杆菌生长的影响

为了考察纳米TiO2(<100nm)水悬浮液对典型环境微生物--革兰氏阴性菌大肠杆菌生长的影响,制备并表征了水中分散的平均粒径和含量分别为74.3nm、1.5 mg·L-1(样品1)和82.2nm、3.1 mg·L-1(样品2)的2种纳米TiO2水悬浮液,并在有、无紫外光照条件下进行细菌培养实验.实验结果显示,在无紫外光照条件下,2个样品对大肠杆菌的生长均有抑制作用,在大肠杆菌生长稳定期,样品1和样品2分别使OD600值平均下降0.03和0.11;单独紫外光照可对大肠杆菌生长产生抑制作用,使OD600值平均下降0.04,而同样紫外光照剂量下样品2可使OD600值平均下降0.18,显示出纳米TiO2对大肠杆菌生长的协同抑制作用.     

环境因素对大肠杆菌REP-PCR指纹图谱稳定性影响研究

大肠杆菌作为粪便污染指示生物,其DNA指纹图谱稳定性是制约微生物污染源识别技术发展的瓶颈之一.本研究采用绿色荧光蛋白基因(GFP)标记后的Escherichia coli K12(K12GFP)为受试菌株,利用REP-PCR方法,对大肠杆菌在不同温度、光照、盐度条件下其DNA指纹图谱的稳定性进行了研究.结果表明,绿色荧...     

戊二醛对紫色非硫光合细菌脱氢酶活力的影响

探讨微生物细胞对戊二醛毒性的耐受能力及应用条件的适宜范围,可为废水处理中固定化细胞的应用提供实验基础和理论依据。以紫色非硫光合细菌（PSB）为例,直接用戊二醛作用于细胞,在不同pH值、温度、戊二醛浓度、反应时间等条件下研究戊二醛对PSB脱氢酶活力的影响。结果表明：戊二醛对PSB脱氢酶活力影响的主要限制因素为戊二醛浓度和反应时间。当戊二醛浓度为0.5～1.0％,反应时间为1～2h时,PSB脱氢酶活力回收可达83％以上;PSB细胞经戊二醛处理后,热稳定性增强,pH稳定性无明显变化;并比较出热带假丝酵母菌和PSB对戊二醛的毒性耐受能力大于大肠埃希氏杆菌和芽孢杆菌yol。     

Potential health hazard of drinking water in restaurants and tea stalls

Potable and equitable drinking water (DW) is a fundamental human right and essential for human health. This study is conducted to assess the groundwater and jar water quality of the roadside restaurants and tea stalls used for drinking by the local people around the Gazipur City area in Bangladesh. Water samples from 173 restaurants and tea stalls are collected. The physico-chemical and biological parameters are analyzed according to the guidelines and standards. The results illustrate that the color, EC, and Mn of 41%, 80%, and 62% of the samples, respectively, exceed the WHO and Environmental Conservation Rules (ECR) standards. In addition, E. coli and total coliform exceeding the threshold standards are found in 47% and 64% of the water samples, respectively. The contamination of DW by fecal coliforms is confirmed and supported by prior studies, which indicates that the DW supplied in restaurants and tea stalls are unsafe because of the possible presence of pathogens. These may cause potential health hazards to consumers from various water-borne diseases. Poor sanitation, unhygienic practices, and improper disposal of wastewater are responsible for the microbial contamination of DW. So, the authorities in charge of these places should take the right regulatory steps, such as regular sanitation inspections, DW quality monitoring, hand-washing practices, and better sanitation in these places.     

Antibiotic resistance,virulence factors and biofilm formation ability in Escherichia coli strains isolated from chicken meat and wildlife in the Czech Republic

Attachment of pathogenic bacteria to food contact surfaces and the subsequent biofilm formation represent a serious threat for the food industry, since these bacteria are more resistant to antimicrobials or possess more virulence factors. The main aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between antibiotic resistance against 13 antibiotics, distribution of 10 virulence factors and biofilm formation in 105 Escherichia coli strains according to their origin. The high prevalence of antibiotic resistance that we have found in wildlife isolates could be acquired by horizontal transfer of resistance genes from human or domestic or farm animals. Consequently, these commensal bacteria might serve as indicator of antimicrobial usage for human and veterinary purposes in the Czech Republic. Further, 46 out of 66 resistant isolates (70%) were able to form biofilm and we found out statistically significant correlation between prevalence of antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation ability. The highest prevalence of antibiotic resistance was observed in weak biofilm producers. Biofilm formation was not statistically associated with any virulence determinant. However, we confirmed the correlation between prevalence of virulence factors and host origin. Chicken isolates possessed more virulence factors (66%), than isolates from wildlife (37%). We can conclude that the potential spread of antibiotic resistance pattern via the food chain is of high concern for public health. Even more, alarming is that E. coli isolates remain pathogenic potential with ability to form biofilm and these bacteria may persist during food processing and consequently lead to greater risks of food contamination.     

水中抑制物对定量PCR与膜过滤法检测E.coli的影响

针对水中病原微生物的污染,选择大肠埃希氏菌E.coli作为病原示踪剂,以E.coli染色体上β-葡萄糖醛酸酶uid A目的基因建立了SYBR Green实时荧光定量PCR的检测方法。该定量PCR方法灵敏度高,检测限可达104CFU/L,线性关系良好,相关系数为R2=0.999。研究表明,定量PCR与菌液浓度呈显著正相关R2=0.935。通过人工投加腐殖酸、COD,研究了水中抑制物对定量PCR和膜过滤MF培养法的影响。结果显示,腐殖酸可使E.coli在培养皿上的菌落变小聚集,且显色不明显,当腐殖酸量为20 mg/L时,浓度为50 CFU/100 m L的E.coli完全受到抑制,没有菌落出现。腐殖酸对PCR扩增的抑制作用明显,当腐殖酸浓度增加到10 mg/L,定量PCR检测结果基因拷贝数减少约1 log,增加到20 mg/L定性PCR检测结果为阴性。     

聚合酶链式反应(PCR)用于检测环境水体指示菌的研究

对聚合酶链式反应（ｐｏｌｙｍｅｒａｓｅ ｃｈａｉｎ ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ，ＰＣＲ）快速检测水体指示菌－大肠菌群（ｔｏｔａｌ ｃｏｌｉｆｏｒｍ）和大肠杆菌（Ｅｓｃｈｅｒｉｃｈｉａ ｃｏｌｉ）进行了研究。采用的两对引物分别扩增了ＬａｃＺ基因的约２６０ｂｐ和ＵｄｉＡ基因的约１５０ｂｐＤＮＡ片段。引物Ⅰ和引物Ⅱ最低能分别扩增１０＾－６μｇ或１０＾－８μｇ基因组ＤＮＡ。整个检测工作在采集水样后５－６ｈ内完成。与     

Antibiotic resistance and virulence factors of Escherichia coli from eagles and goshawks

One of the major global problems in medicine is microbial resistance to antibiotics (antimicrobial resistance) and this has become an increasingly frequent research topic. This study focuses on antimicrobial resistance, phylogenetic and genetic characterization of Escherichia coli from wild birds: ten isolates from eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), nine from goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) and 24 from broilers in the Slovak Republic. Twenty-two strains with presence of int1 gene were selected and examined for the presence or absence of transposon gene (tn3), genes of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors. We detected sequence type (ST) in eagles ST 442 with genes iss, papC, iutA, cvaC, tsh, fyuA, iroN, kps, feoB, sitA, irp2, ireA for virulence factors and tetA, sul1, sul2, dfrA, aadA for antibiotic resistance; in goshawks ST 1011 with iss, papC, fyuA, iroN, feoB, sitA and qnrS1, tetA, sul1, sul2, dfrA, aadA, respectively. These ST types have been found in humans too and should be evaluated further for possible zoonotic potential and transfer of resistance genes from the environment.