Multi-Decadal Changes in Snow Characteristics in Sub-Arctic Sweden

A unique long term, 49-year record (divided into three time periods 1961–1976, 1977–1992, and 1993–2009) of snow profile stratigraphy from the Swedish sub Arctic, was analyzed with a focus on changes in snow characteristics. The data set contained grain size, snow layer hardness, grain compactness, and snow layer dryness, observed every second week during the winter season. The results showed an increase in very hard snow layers, with harder snow in early winter and more moist snow during spring. There was a striking increase in the number of observations with very hard snow at ground level over time. More than twice as many occasions with hard snow at ground level were observed between 1993 and 2009 compared to previous years, which may have a significant effect on plants and animals. The changes in snow characteristics are most likely a result of the increasing temperatures during the start and the end of the snow season.     

Multi-decadal Changes in Tundra Environments and Ecosystems: The International Polar Year-Back to the Future Project (IPY-BTF)

Polar and alpine environments are changing rapidly due to increases in temperature, which are amplified in the Arctic, as well as changes in many local factors. The impacts on ecosystems and their function have potential consequences for local residents and the global community. Tundra areas are vast and diverse, and the knowledge of geographical variation in environmental and ecosystem change is limited to relatively few locations, or to remote sensing approaches that are limited mostly to the past few decades. The International Polar Year, IPY, provided a context, stimulus and timely opportunities for re-visiting old research sites and data sets to collate data on past changes, to pass knowledge from old to new generations of researchers and to document environmental characteristics of sites to facilitate detection and attribution of future changes. Consequently, the project “Retrospective and Prospective Vegetation Change in the Polar Regions: Back to the Future,” BTF, was proposed and endorsed as an IPY activity (project #512). With national funding support, teams of researchers re-visited former sites and data sets throughout the Arctic and some alpine regions. These efforts have amounted to a gamut of “BTF” studies that are collectively geographically expansive and disciplinary diverse. A selection of these studies are introduced and presented in the current issue together with a brief synthesis of their findings.     

乌东德水库坝前段消落带生态类型划分及生态修复模式初探

采用GIS技术,根据高程、坡度、土壤类型等环境特征,将乌东德水库坝前段消落带分为18种生态类型,并完成了高程图、坡度图和土壤类型图,建立了环境特征和消落带类型的直观联系。然后根据不同的生态类型,提出了4种生态修复模式,并选择了10种植物作为生态修复物种。为其它水库消落带生态修复提供了参考依据。     

Paleoecological Assessment of Watershed History in PRIMENet Watersheds at Acadia National Park, USA

Paleoecological reconstructions of forest stand histories for two upland watersheds at Acadia National Park in Maine were completed to support related watershed chemistry studies. The project hypothesis was that forest type and fire history influence long-term cycling and storage of atmospheric mercury and nitrogen within watersheds. The reconstructions document differences in major vegetation composition and disturbance between the burned and unburned watersheds during the past several centuries. Pollen and charcoal stratigraphies from organic sediment accumulations in forested wet depressions indicate that the present experimental design of contrasting disturbance and forest histories has persisted during recent centuries. The unburned watershed has been dominated by spruce (Picea rubens) and fir (Abies balsamea) for 500 years or more and has not recently burned or been substantially cleared. The burned watershed is dominated by a heterogeneous forest of patchy hardwood, mixed wood, and softwood stands. A large portion of this watershed burned severely in 1947 and probably more than once in the 1800s, and has supported heterogeneous successional forests for 200 years or longer. Overall, these results support the underlying premise that the experimental design of this watershed research can be used to infer landscape controls on biogeochemical processes.     

Simultaneous biodegradation of nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds in a sequencing batch bioreactor

Many nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds (NACs), such as nitrobenzene (NB), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), aniline (AN), and 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), are environmentally hazardous, and their removal from contaminated water is one of the main challenges facing wastewater treatment plants. In this study, synthetic wastewater containing NB, 4-NP, 2,4-DNP, and AN at concentrations ranging from 50 to 180 mg/L was fed into a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Analyses of the SBR system indicated that it simultaneously removed more than 99% of the NACs at loading rates of 0.36 kg NB/(m3·d), 0.3 kg 4-NP/(m3·d), 0.25 kg AN/(m3·d), and 0.1 kg 2,4-DNP/(m3·d). Bacterial groups of Bacteriodetes, Candidate division TM7, α-Proteobacteria, and β-Proteobacteria were dominant in the clone libraries of 16S rRNA genes retrieved from the microbial communities in the SBR system. "Cycle tests" designed to alter feeding and aeration parameters of the SBR system demonstrated that the resident microbial biome of the SBR system responded rapidly to changing conditions. Consumption of O2 was concomitant with the apparent mineralization of NACs. Aromatic ring-cleaving dioxygenase activities suggested that (1) AN and NB were degraded via catechol 2,3-dioxygenase; (2) 4-NP was degraded via 1,2,4-benzentriol 1,2-dioxygenase; and (3) 2,4-DNP was degraded via an unresolved pathway.     

基于链式多灾种防灾管理体制及预警机制探讨

随着灾害的种类日益增多,频度不断提高,造成的损害也日益严重,灾害己经成为当今社会面临的最主要问题之一。根据多灾种灾害链的基本原理,综合考虑了我国城市在防灾减灾管理机制中存在的条块分割问题及预警信息系统建立问题,提出建立常设的、稳定的综合防灾减灾统一协调机构,健全预警机制,建立高效的信息系统,并针对哈尔滨水危机事件进行改进措施对策分析,以切实可行的技术方案为我国城市多灾种综合防灾预警机制提供一条有效的改进途径。     

基于MODFLOW数值模拟法的地下水饮用水源保护区划分

我国城乡居民饮用水安全现状不容乐观,饮用水源污染已经成为较突出的社会问题,其中地下水饮用水源污染更为突出.饮用水源保护区划分是保证水质安全的重要措施,饮用水源保护区划分方法较多,其中数值模拟法能客观并详细地描述含水层结构与水文地质条件,适用于各种背景的地下水水源研究.本文以崇州市城区饮用水源为例,采用MODFLOW软件建立地下水渗流场,应用MODPATH对水源地抽水井进行粒子逆向示踪模拟,根据不同的时间标准确定一、二级保护区范围,并结合区域水文地质条件和地标、地界特点确定各级保护区的界线.     

广东省风能资源区划研究

论文以Surfer8.0以及地理信息系统(GIS)软件Citystar3.0为平台,利用广东省86个气象站历史测风资料以及沿海72个风能测风塔临时观测资料,计算广东省空间分辨率为1km×1km格点上风能参数,进行了广东省风能资源的宏观区划和风电场选址区划;估算出广东省离地面10m高度上全省及各区划的风能资源理论可开发量为7.50×10⁴MW,技术可开发量为5.89×10³MW。为广东省风电开发宏观规划以及大型风电场的微观选址提供了科学而且精细的资源依据。     

三峡蓄水对小江CODCr、NH3-N及TP纳污能力的影响

三峡蓄水后的高水位条件下,长江支流小江回水区水域水文情势发生变化,流速减小,水域污染物浓度本底值发生变化,水环境参数与天然河道相比改变很大,纳污能力受到很大的影响.根据小江水功能区划及水功能区水质目标,分析计算蓄水前后CODCr、NH3-N及TP纳污能力总量的逐月值和年总量.结果表明:每月的CODCr、NH3-N、TP的纳污能力受流量、流速、水位和水质控制目标的影响,蓄水后每年CODCr纳污能力总量减少约20.59%,NH3-N的纳污能力总量减少约22.22%,TP的纳污能力总量减少约23.08%.小江回水区水域纳污能力减小是蓄水后富营养化现象增多的重要因素之一.     

湘江流域主要支流土壤Cd污染空间分布与相关性

针对土壤Cd污染超标问题,开展流域尺度下的土壤Cd空间分布与相关性分析,选定土壤污染热点区域——湘江流域作为研究对象,以流域内主要支流的汇水范围作为分析单元,研究各支流流域土壤w（Cd）的空间分布特征及空间相关性.结果表明:湘江流域上、中、下游各支流流域之间表现出明显的空间差异性,土壤w（Cd）平均值表现为中游支流（0.29 mg/kg）>下游支流（0.19 mg/kg）>上游支流（0.17 mg/kg）;湘江流域的土壤w（Cd）分布与相关污染企业位置相关性很高,沩水、浏阳河、渌江、涟水、洣水、蒸水、耒水、舂陵水和灌江流域土壤w（Cd）空间相关性较低（0.626 ≤ R ≤ 0.767）,企业位置分布具有明显的聚集性;潇水流域土壤w（Cd）空间相关性（R=0.889）较高,企业分布较为均匀,通过潇水流域的各向异性分析可知,土壤w（Cd）分布与企业分布方向一致.研究显示,湘江流域内土壤w（Cd）分布存在空间差异性,各支流的土壤w（Cd）与相关污染企业的空间分布存在依存关系.