典型钢铁企业汞排放水平及排放特征研究

以某典型钢铁企业为研究对象,测定企业废气、废水、固废汞排放水平,并分析汞排放特征。研究表明,球团、烧结、高炉工艺废气排口烟尘中汞排放浓度和排放速率明显低于烟气;汞主要以气态形式排放,烧结工艺排口废气汞最高浓度分别是其他2个排口的7倍和3倍。球团、烧结、高炉、电炉四工艺环节中,烧结汞排放速率占四工艺汞排放速率总和的87%。半干法脱硫、氨法脱硫、石灰石石膏脱硫对废气中汞的去除效率分别为90.0%、78.7%和29.9%。企业废水排放未检出汞,脱硫产生固废汞含量明显高于除尘产生固废汞含量,脱硫灰汞含量是脱硫石膏的15倍。     

Effects of low concentration biodiesel blend application on modern passenger cars. Part 1: Feedstock impact on regulated pollutants, fuel consumption and particle emissions

Five biodiesels from different feedstocks (rapeseed, soy, sunflower, palm, and used fried oils) blended with diesel at 10% vol. ratio (B10), were tested on a Euro 3 common-rail passenger car. Limited effects (−2% to +4%) were observed on CO₂ emissions. CO and HC emissions increased between 10% and 25% on average, except at high speed - high power where emissions were too low to draw conclusions. NOx emissions increased by up to 20% for two out of the five blends, decreased by up to 15% for two other blends, and remained unchanged for one blend. Particulate matter (PM) was reduced for all blends by up to 25% and the reductions were positively correlated with the extent of biodiesel saturation. PM reductions are associated with consistent reductions in non-volatile particle number. A variable behaviour in particle number is observed when volatile particles are also accounted.     

Investigation of Nanoparticle Additives to Biodiesel for Improvement of the Performance and Exhaust Emissions in a Compression Ignition Engine

Worldwide energy demand has been growing steadily during the past five decades and most experts believe that this trend will continue to rise. The amount of emitted harmful emission gases increases in parallel with increasing energy consumption. This increase has forced many countries to take various precautions, and various restrictions on emitted emissions have been carried. In this study, effects of addition of oxygen containing nanoparticle additives to biodiesel on fuel properties and effects on diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions were investigated. Two different nanoparticle additives, namely MgO and SiO₂, were added to biodiesel at the addition dosage of 25 and 50 ppm. Fuel properties, engine performance, and exhaust emission characteristics of obtained modified fuels were examined. As a result of this study, engine emission values NO_x and CO were decreased and engine performance values slightly increased with the addition of nanoparticle additives.     

The Influence of Trace Elements on Environment; Distribution of Thallium in Fluids of Volcanic Areas

During weathering of igneous rocks thallium can be readily mobilized as TI⁺ in aqueous phase and picked up by plants. In this way it can reach the alimentary cycle of both livestock and humans. Since the toxicity of thallium is well-established, an analytical procedure for its determination is optimized in order to contribute to the knowledge of TI⁺ distribution in specific environments. The analytical method is applied to fluid phase samples from Vulcano island (Italy) and from other volcanic areas.     

Formation of dioxins from combustion of polyvinylidene chloride in a well-controlled incinerator

Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC; polymer of 1,1-dichloroethylene) was combusted with paper in a well-controlled, small-scale incinerator at an average grate temperature of 700 °C, and then dioxins (PCDDs, PCDFs, and coplanar-PCBs) formed in the exhaust gases were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. PVDC lowered the combustion temperature due to its less flammable character. The amount of total dioxins (PCDDs + PCDFs + coplanar-PCBs) formed in the exhaust gas was 58.0 ng/g of a combustion sample and its toxicity equivalency quantity (TEQ) value was 0.64 ng-TEQ/g. The amount of PCDDs formed in the sample ranged from 2.33 ng/g (Cl₈-isomer) to 0.048 ng/g (Cl₁-isomer). The lower the number of chloride, the less production of PCDDs. On the other hand, there was no relation between the number of chloride and PCDF formation. The amount of PCDFs formed in the sample ranged from 8.02 ng/g (Cl₂-isomer) to 4.46 ng/g (Cl₈-isomer). A polyvinylchloride (PVC) sample produced 207 ng/g of total dioxins and a PVDC sample produced 57.4 ng/g of total dioxins when they were combusted under the same conditions. An approximately equal composition of dioxin isomers was formed from PVDC and PVC samples. Paper was found to contribute to PCDF formation when it was combusted with plastics.     

Experimental and numerical study of the dispersion of motor vehicle pollutants under idle condition

The aim of the work presented here is to study experimentally and numerically the dispersion characteristics of vehicular exhaust plume at an idle condition in an idealized and simplified environment. The gaseous and particulate concentrations in the exhaust plume of three idling motor vehicles were measured in an isolated environment under calm weather conditions. Despite the difference in the initial concentrations, the pollutants decayed exponentially in all directions.The CFD code PHOENICS 3.3, with the k–ε eddy dissipation sub-model, was used for the numerical simulation. The simulated results match very well with the experimental results close to the source of emission but decay to the ambient concentrations much slower. The effects of the initial emission concentration, exit velocity, exit direction and crosswind intensity have been investigated parametrically. The initial pollutant concentration will increase the local concentrations but the pattern of dispersion remains the same. The exit velocity will increase the momentum of the jet, resulting in a deeper penetration downstream. The exit angle has a stronger influence on pollutant dispersion than both initial pollutant concentration and exit velocity. When the exit angle is 15°, the pollutants tend to spread on the ground region. Crosswind shows a significant effect on the dispersion of the exhaust plume also. It will divert the plume to disperse in the same direction of the wind with limited penetration in the downstream direction.     

废气排放量灰色建模新法初探

在研究和指出灰色建模常规方法理论缺陷的基础上,结合某化工厂废气排放预测实践,初步探讨和提出了将原始动态数据序列经过线性或指数变换,采用黄金分割法选取背景值的直接建模方法。初步研究表明,该方法较灰色建模常规方法在改善序列随机性、提高预测精度等方面,具有较明显的优越性和合理性,拓宽了GM(1,1)模型在环境科学领域中的应用范围。      

汽油加生物添加剂对发动机废气排放的影响研究

通过发动机的台架试验,系统研究了将一种热带植物提取物作为添加剂加入到不同成分的汽油中对汽油机废气排放特性的影响．结果表明：对于93^#高清洁汽油和93^#成分汽油,除了未燃碳氢(HC)略有上升外,其他排放物如氮氧化物NOx、一氧化碳等有所减少,CO2排放有明显的改善．对于乙醇汽油,则HC和CO2略有上升．     

南京市机动车排气污染控制和管理对策

简述了南京市机动车排气污染控制和管理对策。对新机动车排气控制实施了新车上牌的环保注册登记目录制,鼓励生产厂家采用先进的排放控制技术,达到国家制定的排放控制目标和排放标准;对在用机动车排气控制实施检测／维护(I／M)制度,对尾气排放不达标车辆进行正常的维修和保养,保证其发动机处于正常技术状况;对高排放污染机动车辆,安装尾气净化装置,以改善机动车排放水平。定期检测中各类型车辆维护前后排气污染物削减结果表明,85％的高排放污染车辆能达标,且CO的削减率最高,达50％左右;定期检测中各类型车辆安装机内净化器前后排气污染物削减结果表明,二次补气机内净化器对CO的净化率为22．5％～30．0％,对HC的净化率为9．7％～30．0％;高能电子点火机内净化器对CO的净化率为5．4％～22．2％,对HC的净化率为17．2％～30．8％。不定期检测中,一些高排放污染车辆安装三元催化反应器后,其净化率可达80％～90％。     

便携式GC-MS法快速测定固定污染源废气中的VOCs

采用便携式GC-MS法快速测定固定污染源废气中VOCs,32种VOCs在2×10~(-7)~1×10~(-6)范围内线性良好,方法检出限为2×10~(-9)~1×10~(-8),标准气体样品6次测定结果的RSD为1.9%~19.1%,环境空气样品的加标回收率为66.2%~116%。在实际现场监测固定污染源中VOCs时,使用速查(Survey)功能可初步判断样品浓度,确定稀释倍数。比对试验结果表明,气袋和玻璃注射器采样法对VOCs测定结果无显著性差异。