Evaluation of RothC model using four Long Term Fertilizer Experiments in black soils, India

Carbon content in soils changes depending on the land use system, type of management practice and time. There is an increasing concern about the soil quality vis-à-vis organic carbon content in soils due to global warming and enhanced CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere. This has led to estimate carbon stock in soils at global and regional levels. The objective of the present study was to evaluate RothC model to estimate total organic carbon (TOC) changes under four long term fertilizer experimental sites representing sub-humid moist (Sarol and Nabibagh), sub-humid dry (Panjri) and semi-arid (Teligi) climate in India. The plant carbon input rate was calibrated using organic carbon and other soil parameters using RothC. The results showed that RothC could simulate changes in TOC in two contrasting eco-sites for surface soil layers. The root mean square error (RMSE) considered as modelling error ranged from 11.50 to 15.01, 4.70 to 11.60, 2.14 to 6.52 and 1.45 to 13.74 in the surface layers of Sarol, Nabibagh, Panjri, and Teligi sites, respectively. The simulation biases expressed by M (relative error) by Student‘t’ value for all the treatments at these sites were non-significant with two exceptions. Observed trends in TOC consist of an increase for all the four treatments in the sub-humid site of Sarol and Nabibagh; while manures alone or in combination increase TOC appreciably in Teligi and Panjri. TOC remained, however, almost similar over years for the control (no fertilizer or manure) and NPK treatments in all the four sites. Analysis of RothC output data showed that this model could be used as a tool to arrive at different threshold values of rainfall to influence decomposition rate modifier and thus to find out rate of organic carbon sequestration in various bioclimatic systems.     

一体式膜-生物活性炭法处理高盐度有机废水

通过在膜－生物反应器内投加粉末活性炭处理Cl^-含量高达12300mg/L的难降解高盐度有机废水,能够有效地形成生物炭活性污泥,提高处理效果,使CODCr和BOD5的去除率分别达到96．48％和97．10％,出水水质达到GB8978－1996污水综合排放一级标准。为处理高盐度有机废水提供了一种新方法。     

分光光度法与标准法测定水质中COD的对比实验

对ＣＯＤ用分光光度法和标准法两种方法进行了对比测定实验．结果表明，分光光度法可消除标准法的二次污染并适合于排放废水中含ＣＯＤ在５００ｍｇ／Ｌ以下的如纺织，医药、轻工、机械、公交等单位的污水测试．     

Large-scale modeling of reactive solute transport in fracture zones of granitic bedrocks

Final disposal of high-level radioactive waste in deep repositories located in fractured granite formations is being considered by several countries. The assessment of the safety of such repositories requires using numerical models of groundwater flow, solute transport and chemical processes. These models are being developed from data and knowledge gained from in situ experiments such as the Redox Zone Experiment carried out at the underground laboratory of Äspö in Sweden. This experiment aimed at evaluating the effects of the construction of the access tunnel on the hydrogeological and hydrochemical conditions of a fracture zone intersected by the tunnel. Most chemical species showed dilution trends except for bicarbonate and sulphate which unexpectedly increased with time. Molinero and Samper [Molinero, J. and Samper, J. Groundwater flow and solute transport in fracture zones: an improved model for a large-scale field experiment at Äspö (Sweden). J. Hydraul. Res., 42, Extra Issue, 157–172] presented a two-dimensional water flow and solute transport finite element model which reproduced measured drawdowns and dilution curves of conservative species. Here we extend their model by using a reactive transport which accounts for aqueous complexation, acid–base, redox processes, dissolution–precipitation of calcite, quartz, hematite and pyrite, and cation exchange between Na⁺ and Ca²⁺. The model provides field-scale estimates of cation exchange capacity of the fracture zone and redox potential of groundwater recharge. It serves also to identify the mineral phases controlling the solubility of iron. In addition, the model is useful to test the relevance of several geochemical processes. Model results rule out calcite dissolution as the process causing the increase in bicarbonate concentration and reject the following possible sources of sulphate: (1) pyrite dissolution, (2) leaching of alkaline sulphate-rich waters from a nearby rock landfill and (3) dissolution of iron monosulphides contained in Baltic seafloor sediments. Based on these results, microbially mediated processes are postulated as the most likely hypothesis to explain the measured increase of dissolved bicarbonates and sulphates after tunnel construction.     

线下顶推施工对既有线运营动态安全影响的试验研究

赣龙铁路下穿京九铁路时采用地道桥框架结构 ,施工采用顶推法 ;并采用钢便梁和挖孔桩加固以保证京九铁路的行车安全。由于运营的需要 ,将铁路行车限速由铁道部规定的 4 5km/h提高到客车 6 0km/h、货车4 5km/h ,为检验行车安全性和货车限速提高到 6 0km/h的可能性 ,南昌铁路局组织了试验列车通过便梁的试验 ,主要对轨道和便梁的动态安全性进行了测试 ;并通过对试验结果的分析和评估 ,证明了提高限速后行车的安全性 ,突破了铁道部限速规定 4 5km/h以内的限制 ,对既有线铁路施工时提高行车速度有重要意义。测试期间发现的施工便梁架设过程中存在的问题 ,对类似项目施工有一定的借鉴作用。     

EGSB反应器实验装置及启动实验设计研究

EGSB反应器被认为是最有前途的厌氧反应器,目前的研究还比较有限。为了开展EGSB反应器相关实验研究,本文设计了一种可实际操作的EGSB反应器实验装置,同时结合该实验装置,设计了行之有效的启动实验方案。实验表明,该实验装置及实验方案是切实可行的,反应器运行2个月,污泥颗粒化进展顺利,EGSB反应器初期启动成功,为后续相关实验研究奠定了良好的基础。     

Influence of furfural concentration on growth and ethanol yield of Saccharomyces kluyveri

Furfural is an important inhibitor in ethanol fermentation process using lignocellulosic hydrolysates as raw materials.In order to find out the fuffural concentration range in which furfural inhibits the fermentation process,we used one strain Saccharomyces kluyveri selected from soil and cultured in several different furfural content media under low glucose concentration condition.Experiment results showed that microorganism growth was stimulated and dry cell weight decreased when furfural concentration in the medium was 0.25 mg/ml.Furfural had negative effect on cell growth when its concentration was above 1.00 mg/ml.At the same time,the strain growed better and had a higher glucose consumption rate in 5% original glucose concentration condition than in 3% original glucose concentration condition.The results showed that appropriate exaltation of original glucose concentration in stalk hydrolysates will increase the strain resistance to furfural.     

The effects of military tank traffic on prairie: A management model

The effect of various frequencies and seasons of military tank traffic on native mixed-grass prairie was examined in a randomized and replicated field experiment. Vegetation (in 10×10 m plots) was subjected to tank traffic at the following rates: (a) one pass per day of training from May until August; (b) one pass per day in May and June; (c) one pass per day in July and August; (d) one pass every three weeks from May until August; (e) zero (control). Species composition and the amount of bare ground were found to vary significantly with traffic frequency. Plant species alien to North America invaded plots subjected to spring driving. Regression analysis showed spring driving to produce more bare ground than summer driving. The regression models suggested that much higher intensities of training could be conducted without damage if spring driving were avoided. Regression models were also used to estimate the frequency of traffic associated with a significant change in species composition, where species composition was expressed as the ratio ofBouteloua gracilis toStipa spartea, an indicator of disturbance-induced change in prairie vegetation. This relationship predicted the capacity of the vegetation of a training area of any given width to support tank traffic without changing species composition. The predictive ability of the model was tested by comparing predicted traffic capacities with the amount of traffic actually applied to two training areas in 1986. Where traffic capacity was exceeded, the model successfully predicted a significantly higher frequency of bare ground and ratio ofBouteloua gracilis toStipa spartea.     

锰矿废弃区生态恢复研究结果分析

在废弃的锰矿区经过平整土地、修建梯地、土壤改良,然后选择具有较高经济价值的果树进行科学种植试验,试验结果表明,所种植的9个品种中,有4个品种成活率达到95％-98％,5个品种成活率只有0-11％,种植成活的果树产量与其它种植区差异不明显,果实成份符合食品卫生标准,而土壤中的各种金属成分也明显减少,水土流失减少了352t／hm2,使生态恢复区的生态系统保持稳定,取得显著的生态及经济效益。     

黑眉锦蛇人工越冬试验

作者于1994年12月～1995年4月对黑眉锦蛇进行了人工越冬试验。试验结果发现此蛇冬眠温度为5～8℃,高于8℃以上时出现活动;阳光直射可调节蛇洞温度;保持供应饮水在越冬期很重要;越冬期自然损失率为18.09％,体长并有缩短的现象,其体长缩短率为4.55％;冬季仍然出现蜕皮现象。