上海大气氮湿沉降的污染特征

为探讨上海大气氮湿沉降的污染特征,采集了2007年11月至2008年10月上海雨水样品,分析了大气氮湿沉降浓度,探讨了上海大气湿沉降氮通量及上海市区,市郊和远郊大气氮湿沉降的时空污染特征.结果表明:(1)上海市区、市郊和远郊大气氮湿沉降质量浓度平均值分别为2.96、2.31、2.21 mg/L.从上海大气湿沉降总体来看,大气氮湿沉降劣V类、V类的超标率分别达到51.09%和13.87%.推断大气氮湿沉降的主要来源是机动车辆所排放的大量氮氧化物.(2)除冬季外,其余季节上海市区大气氮湿沉降浓度均大于市郊和远郊;市区和远郊大气氮湿沉降浓度均在秋季最大,市郊大气氮湿沉降浓度在春季最大.(3)上海大气年氮湿沉降通量为78.42 kg/hm~2,同其他区域相比较,属于世界上高氮沉降区域.(4)上海大气月氮沉降通量与月平均降雨量呈显著的线性正相关(p<0.05),说明上海大气氮湿沉降通量主要受降雨量的影响.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls contamination in urban soil of Shanghai: level, compositional profiles and source identification

Surface soil samples taken from 55 sampling sites at the urban areas of Shanghai were collected and analyzed for the occurrence of 144 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by GC-μECD. The results showed that totally 74 PCB congeners were identified and the mean concentration of total PCBs was 3057 ng kg⁻¹ with a range of 232 to 11325 ng kg⁻¹. Compared with the related reports, the level of PCBs contamination in this study was approximately equal to the global background value in soils, but higher than Chinese background for rural and urban soils. According to the compositional profiles of PCBs homologues, a higher proportion of low chlorinated (from tri-CBs to hexa-CBs) was observed. The results indicated that PCB15 + 13, PCB18, PCB28, PCB104 + 47 and PCB153 were the most dominant congeners among the identified PCBs. Through homologues analysis, cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA), it was found that PCBs were stretched from mixed local sources, and appeared to be mostly originated by Aroclor 1260- and 1254-like mixtures as well as some samples influenced by Aroclor 1232 and 1242. The correlation analysis showed the relatively good correlation among the PCB homologues and soil total organic carbon (TOC), suggesting important influence of soil TOC on PCBs contamination in soil matrix in Shanghai region. The toxic equivalency (TEQ) concentrations of these six dioxin-like PCBs detected in urban soil samples range from 2.71 to 24.9 pg kg⁻¹-PCDDeq with a mean 8.18 pg kg⁻¹-PCDDeq.     

基于GIS的城市生命线工程地震反应仿真研究——以上海市供水系统为例

探讨了地理信息系统（GIS）在城市生命线地震反应仿真研究中的应用,以上海市内环中心城区为背景,以供水系统为例,运用网络可靠性分析法进行了给水管网的震害预测,在此基础上以GIS功能强大的软件ArcView为开发平台,创建了可视化的上海市水管网地震反应仿真真信息系统。     

道路交通噪声自动监测系统初探

环境噪声监测自动化是环境噪声监测发展的必然趋势。该文探讨了道路交通噪声自动监测系统的组成以及在相应的环保宣传方面的应用。     

高尔夫球场农药使用情况调查及特征分析

通过对上海市高尔夫球场农药使用情况的详细调查,结果显示:当前高尔夫球场使用的农药主要包括3大类43种,包含杀菌剂20种、杀虫剂14种和除草剂9种,种类组成及施用量均以杀菌剂为主;施用农药以微毒、低毒农药为主(占69.8%),高毒农药主要为杀虫剂;不同球场农药使用种类、强度和频次等存在较大差异,主要与球场规模、草坪种类及管理水平等有关;当前高尔夫球场农药使用中仍存在农药施用强度较高,农药施用种类较多,品种结构仍有待优化等问题。     

上海市危险废物焚烧行业二噁英排放特征研究

通过对上海市危险废物焚烧行业焚烧炉排放烟气数据的分析,结果表明：不管是医疗废物焚烧炉还是一般危险废物焚烧炉,其二蟋英分布规律大致相同;PCDFs对二曝英的贡献率远高于PCDDs;实测检出的二嚼英异构体中,占二嚼英总量比例较大的依次为1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF、1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD和OCDD;I—TEQ贡献最高的二嚼英异构体为2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF,贡献率达31．08％～53．56％。17种二喏英异构体与I—TEQ的相关性分析表明,仅2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF在2类焚烧炉中与I—TEQ均存在相关性,其相关系数分别为0．989和0．998,可以作为潜在的测定指示物。     

上海市环境空气自动监控数据采集系统现状分析与思考

阐述了上海市环境空气自动监控数据采集系统的发展历程,介绍了系统的应用功能,分析了其在管理方式、运行维护、应用扩展等环节存在的问题。建议制定数据采集系统的维护管理与考核制度,统一数据来源与数据使用规则;推广电子化管理,加强突发异常情况的维护;增加仪器状态参数的报警功能及站房环境与门禁系统的监控,丰富现场点检内容,建立可视化运维平台,保障系统平稳运行。     

Forecasting Up to Year 2000 on Shanghai's Environmental Quality

The capabilities of third world countries in dealing withenvironmental problems are often limited by available resources and the tremendous costs of environmental monitoring.This paper attempts to introduce a newmethodology that can be used to derive information aboutenvironmental quality in its spatial and temporal dimensions.This methodology, based on an inquiry-feedback network of 8,000families and iteration with controlled-feedback of expertcommunity, has been first tested in Shanghai, China andprocedurally can be divided into two steps: Base-year evaluationand forecasting. Fuzzy pattern recognition is introduced for thesubjective assessment of the citizens' feelings theirperceived environment and a four-round Delphi-Cross Impactanalysis is conducted for forecasting the environmental changesup to 2000. Results show that the base-year environmentalsituations were poor. In the foreseeable future, the conditionsfor housing, social services, public health, greenspace anddrinking water will be substantially improved. Due to the rapidgrowth of manufacturing, the city will continue its deteriorating trend of air and water quality into the next century according to the forecast.     

长三角区域空气质量预警联动系统及其在上海世博会的应用

为保障上海世博会空气质量,开发了长三角区域空气质量预警联动系统.系统由区域数据共享、预报预警、信息发布和应急联动等4个子系统构成,采用自动质量控制检查、多模式集合预报、秸秆焚烧火点判定、预警联动机制研究、GIS自动化处理和表达等关键技术.在上海世博会期间,实时监控和预测了长三角区域空气质量状况和变化趋势,发布了5次大气...     

上海海洋科技创新的SWOT分析

目前,围绕上海国际航运中心的建设,上海已初步形成了以洋山深水港为核心、临港新城和崇明三岛为依托、江浙沿江沿海地区为两翼的长三角滨江临海产业带。但现阶段上海海洋科技创新的水平、规模和发展状况与上海建设海洋经济强市的战略要求还很不适应,对长三角区域海洋科技创新的服务能力和引领带动作用也有待提高。从上海海洋科技创新服务长三角的优势、劣势、机遇及挑战四方面进行SWOT分析,认为上海在海洋科技创新方面有一定的区位、经济优势,但为了更好的引领长三角海洋科技创新发展,上海应加强海洋科技创新投入,把握国际国内发展海洋经济的机遇,使自身在海洋科技创新方面处于国内、国际的领先地位