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71.
72.
Volker Berding Stefan Schwartz Michael Matthies 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1999,6(1):37-43
The interdependencies of parameters applied in the models of EUSES are visualised in a directed connectivity graph. The parameters
(inputs, defaults, state variables, outputs) are represented by boxes (nodes) and their relations by lines (edges). The visualisation,
on the one hand, clarifies the complexity of the models in EUSES and, on the other hand, creates an overview and transparency.
The parameters’ relations to each other can be recognised faster, and the models can be better understood. The complexity
was quantified by the number (variety), kind (substance parameter, physico-chemical parameter, concentration, other parameters),
and depth (dimension) of the parameter and the number of relations (connectivity). The variety of EUSES (without the modelsSimple Treat andSimple Box whose interior structure is not documented and without the effect and risk characterisation) amounts to 466, the connectivity
to 961, and the maximal dimension is 21. 相似文献
73.
Foster WG Gregorovich S Morrison KM Atkinson SA Kubwabo C Stewart B Teo K 《Chemosphere》2011,84(10):1301-1309
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), widely used as flame retardants in commercial products, have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Although adult human exposure to PBDEs is well documented, developmental exposure is less well characterized. The objectives of this study were to measure maternal and fetal exposure to nine PBDE congeners and to investigate potential associations with birth weight. PBDE congeners were quantified in maternal serum at 24-28 weeks of pregnancy, delivery, and umbilical cord serum (UCS) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). Complete blood sample sets were obtained from 97 pregnant women (mean age 33.1 ± 0.5 years). PBDE-28, -47 and -99 were quantified in all samples tested and PBDE-47 was the most abundant congener measured in both maternal (mid-pregnancy and delivery samples geometric mean = 26.9 and 26.9, respectively) and UCS (GM = 56.0 ng g−1 lipid). The UCS concentration for all congeners with the exception of PBDE-153 was higher vs. maternal delivery samples (p < 0.001). Only the UCS concentration of PBDE-17 and -99 were significantly associated (β = −49.860, p = 0.032, and β = −3.645, p = 0.05) with birth weight. However, after adjustment for potential confounders only the association between PBDE-99 and birth weight remained significant (β = −3.951 and p = 0.016). We conclude that: the fetus is exposed to PBDEs from at least the second trimester of pregnancy onward; PBDE congeners are higher in UCS compared to maternal serum samples collected at delivery; and that developmental PBDE exposure is potentially associated with lower birth weight. 相似文献
74.
Xiaojiang Tang Yang Bai Anh Duong Martyn T. Smith Laiyu Li Luoping Zhang 《Environment international》2009,35(8):1210-1224
Formaldehyde, an economically important chemical, is classified as a human carcinogen that causes nasopharyngeal cancer and probably leukemia. As China is the largest producer and consumer of formaldehyde in the world, the Chinese population is potentially at increased risk for cancer and other associated health effects. In this paper we review formaldehyde production, consumption, exposure, and health effects in China. We collected and analyzed over 200 Chinese and English documents from scientific journals, selected newspapers, government publications, and websites pertaining to formaldehyde and its subsequent health effects.Over the last 20 years, China's formaldehyde industry has experienced unprecedented growth, and now produces and consumes one-third of the world's formaldehyde. More than 65% of the Chinese formaldehyde output is used to produce resins mainly found in wood products — the major source of indoor pollution in China. Although the Chinese government has issued a series of standards to regulate formaldehyde exposure, concentrations in homes, office buildings, workshops, public places, and food often exceed the national standards. In addition, there have been numerous reports of formaldehyde-induced health problems, including poisoning and cancer. The lack of quality epidemiological studies and basic data on exposed populations emphasizes the need for more extensive studies on formaldehyde and its related health effects in China. 相似文献
75.
Paloma I. Beamer Robert A. Canales Asa Bradman James O. Leckie 《Environment international》2009,35(8):1202-1209
Farmworkers' children may have increased pesticide exposure through dermal absorption and non-dietary ingestion, routes that are difficult to measure and model. The Cumulative Aggregate Simulation of Exposure (CASE) model, integrates the complexity of human behavior and variability of exposure processes by combining micro-level activity time series (MLATS) and mechanistic exposure equations. CASE was used to estimate residential non-dietary organophosphate pesticide exposure (i.e., inhalation, dermal, and non-dietary ingestion) to California farmworker children and evaluate the micro-activity approach. MLATS collected from children and distributions developed from pesticide measurements in farmworkers' residences served as inputs. While estimated diazinon exposure was greater for inhalation, chlorpyrifos exposure was greater for the other routes. Greater variability existed between children (σB2 = 0.22–0.39) than within each child's simulations (σW2 = 0.01–0.02) for dermal and non-dietary ingestion. Dermal exposure simulations were not significantly different than measured values from dosimeters worn by the children. Non-dietary ingestion exposure estimates were comparable to duplicate diet measurements, indicating this route may contribute substantially to aggregate exposure. The results suggest the importance of the micro-activity approach for estimating non-dietary exposure. Other methods may underestimate exposure via these routes. Model simulations can be used to identify at-risk children and target intervention strategies. 相似文献
76.
Wang X Zheng Q Feng Z Xie J Feng Z Ouyang Z Manning WJ 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(2):449-453
Most available exposure-response relationships for assessing crop loss due to elevated ozone (O3) have been established using data from chamber and open-top chamber experiments, using a simulated constant O3 concentration exposure (square wave), which is not consistent with the diurnal variation of O3 concentration that occurs in nature. We investigated the response of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) to O3 as affected by two exposure regimes: one with a diurnal variation (CF100D) and another with a constant concentration (CF100). Although the two exposure regimes have the same mean O3 concentration and accumulated O3 concentration above 40 ppb (AOT40), our results show that O3 at CF100D reduced biomass and number of pods/plant more than O3 at CF100. Both O3 exposures resulted in larger seed weights/100 pods compared to CF. Numbers of seeds/100 pods were reduced by CF100, while numbers of seeds/100 pods in the CF100D chambers were comparable to those in CF. Our results suggest that chamber experiments that use a constant O3 exposure may underestimate O3 effects on biomass and yields. 相似文献
77.
INTRODUCTION: Overexposure to noise remains a widespread and serious health hazard in the U.S. service providing and goods producing industries. Excessive noise can lead to poor verbal communication and reduce the ability to recognize warning signals. These dangerous work conditions can also cause stress and fatigue. Occupational hearing loss is a permanent illness, with no recovery currently possible. METHOD: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has recognized Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) as one of the ten leading work-related diseases and injuries in the United States, and has emphasized its importance as one of the critical areas expressed in the National Occupational Research Agenda. RESULTS: One of the most serious noise problems in the goods producing industries is the operation of continuous mining machines during underground coal mining. In order to minimize occupational hearing loss, noise hazards are "designed out" early in the design process. NIOSH is leading a national initiative called Prevention through Design (PTD) to promote this concept. This paper describes the quiet-by-design approach of a noise control that reduced noise exposures of continuous mining machine operators by 3dB(A) using the four functional areas of PTD, namely Practice, Policy, Research, and Education. 相似文献
78.
Exposures to environmental gamma radiation were assessed by using LiF thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) placed inside family dwellings made out of stone, gravel concrete, brick etc., at Akure, the capital of Ondo State. Southwestern Nigeria for about two and a half months. The results show that houses made out of soil bricks give the least exposures to dwellers. The dosimetric implications are discussed in the text. 相似文献
79.
A. Karanasiou K. Eleftheriadis S. Vratolis P. Zarbas N. Mihalopoulos C. Mitsakou C. Housiadas M. Lazaridis J. Ondracek L. Dzumbova 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2008,8(1):71-76
Aerosol particles in the workplace of a detergent industry were sampled during July 2005 by a Berner low-pressure impactor.
The samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry and ion chromatography in order to determine the size distribution
of metallic elements and water-soluble inorganic ions. The size distributions of some characteristic metallic elements (Cu,
Fe, Al) were unimodal with their maximum found in coarse particles. Among the water-soluble aerosol components , , Cl−, and Ca++ were the major contributors to total particle mass. The lung deposition resulting from the partially hygroscopic aerosol
is estimated. The calculated lung deposition reveals the impact of separate chemical aerosol compounds on the levels of the
inhaled dose. The differences observed between the total and regional deposition of the different compounds appear mainly
due to their different size distributions.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
80.
State of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in China: an overview 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), extensively used as flame retardants, are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that are found in both abiotic and biotic environmental samples. Sufficient evidence shows that PBDEs have been rapidly accumulating in the environment of China, especially in the Southeast regions. This paper summarizes and critically reviews the published scientific data on PBDEs in China, including the levels of PBDEs in the air, soil, water, sediment, the terrestrial and marine organisms, and human samples in China. The data preliminarily reveal the state of PBDEs in China. 相似文献