中国城市化与城镇居民住房

随着住房制度改革的不断深入,我国城镇居民人均居住面积有所提高,居住水平有所改善。但是,中国城市化发展的特点很容易造成城镇居民居住水平提高的假象。本文分析了造成这些假象的原因。     

高速公路交通噪声对环境影响的研讨

通过实例，对高速公路交通噪声的污染状况、水平和空间分布规律、噪声随时间的变化以及隔声防护效果进行了分析研讨，同时提出了改善声环境质量的建议。     

A/O强化二段生物接触氧化+二氧化氯接触消毒工艺处理医疗废水实例

如何提高处理效果和减少投资,是处理医疗废水的重点.A/O强化二段生物接触氧化 二氧化氯接触消毒工艺综合了厌(兼)氧、好氧以及A-B法的优点,克服了各自的缺点,通过对河南省商丘市第一人民医院的医疗废水处理,证明该工艺是一种处理医疗废水的行之有效的工艺.     

建设项目环境影响经济评价探讨

以衡阳至昆明高速公路（衡阳至永州枣木铺段）生态影响的经济评价为实例，说明环境影响经济评价在环评中所占的重要地位，指出对建设项目进行环境影响经济评价是今后环境影响评价发展的方向。     

浅论循环经济视野下的拾荒者与城市生活垃圾处理问题

文章简单介绍国内城市生活垃圾处理的现状,探讨城市拾荒者之于城市循环经济的意义,分析社会各界对拾荒者的认识与态度,建议针对我国国情应充分发挥拾荒者经济外部性的正效应,合理控制拾荒者经济外部性的负效应,为我国城市生活垃圾"减量化、无害化、资源化"处理谋求高效低成本的实现方法,以期达到城市循环经济的目标.     

Simple rules for measuring changes in ecosystem carbon in forestry-offset projects

There is growing interest in the useof forestry-offset projects to mitigate increasingconcentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. If forestry-offset projects are to be employed broadlyand successfully there need to be accounting rulesthat are easy to operationalize and effective inpreventing cheating. Since carbon is both tangibleand predictable in where it occurs it is feasible todevelop simple accounting rules. Such rules must beconservative with respect to the amount of carboncredited.If accounting practices based on the following simplerules are employed, costs will be kept low andprojects will credit only carbon that is physicallypresent:Changes in living aboveground biomass must always be measured in forestry –offset projects.Belowground living biomass can be estimated from aboveground living biomass in forestry-offset projects. Generalized root/shoot ratios can be used as long as conservative ratios are applied.Not all changes in soil carbon stocks need to be measured, only those for which there is a possibility the stock is declining.The necromass pool need not be measured except when there has been a recent disturbance (interval varies with ecosystem). To insure that inaccurate techniques do not lead to overestimating of carbon stock changes, imprecise estimates of the carbon content of an ecosystem compartment should be discounted.There should be no required level of accuracy associated with estimates of carbon stock changes in forestry-offset projects, but the creditable carbon should be discounted proportional to the uncertainty.     

高速公路环境景观评价的研究

总结了以往高速公路绿化工程中出现的弊端 ,提出了高速公路两翼景观评价的必要性 ;从景观生态学角度将高速公路两翼景观划分为五类 :既自然景观、半自然景观、农业景观、郊区景观和人工建筑景观 ;以景观生态学为理论框架 ,从美学质量、景观阈值、景观敏感度、特殊价值四个方面讨论了高速公路两翼的景观评价方法。     

城市生态气象监测评估初步研究与实践——以北京为例

气象条件作为影响生态系统最活跃、最直接的驱动因子,影响着生态系统的质量和人类生存的环境,关系着生态保护和建设的成果,而城市生态系统具有与其他系统不一样的气候特征,目前还未形成一套有关城市的生态气象监测评估方法。基于生态气象学理论,分别从城市气候环境、与气候相关的陆表环境、大气环境、人居环境以及城市高影响天气气候事件等5个方面选择不同的要素和指标开展了城市生态气象监测评估初步研究,并以北京为例,利用2018年国家和区域自动气象站资料、大气成分观测资料、2002—2018年MODIS卫星资料、Landsat及环境一号卫星资料,开展了2018年北京城市生态气象监测评估。监测评估显示,(1)2018年北京城市“热岛”和“干岛”气候特征明显,并在北京二环与五环之间存在一个“冂”形风速低值区。(2)2018年北京陆表生态环境、大气环境、人居环境进一步好转:其中植被覆盖度达61.6%,创2002年以来新高,气象条件贡献率达50%,生态涵养区植被生态质量处于正常偏好的面积比例达93.2%;中心城区陆表温度为2011年以来最低值;重要水源地密云水库、官厅水库水体面积均为2000年以来最大值;气溶胶光学厚度、霾日数、大气静稳指数分别较过去4年平均值下降14%、31%和8%,大气扩散条件偏好,对霾日减少贡献率达21%,外地污染传输对PM2.5贡献达到53%;城市生态冷源较2013年明显增加,城市“热岛”得到缓解。(3)历史罕见的夏季高温闷热、冬季阶段低温、极端强降水以及持续无降水等高影响天气气候事件给城市安全运行和生态环境带来不利影响。综合评估表明2018年北京气象条件总体利于陆表生态环境改善,有利的气候条件提高了生态环境的质量,但城市生态质量仍面临着极端天气气候事件、城市热岛、低风速以及外来大气污染输送等风险。     

Spatial organization and behaviour of badgers <Emphasis Type="Italic">(Meles meles)</Emphasis> in a moderate-density population

Badgers are carnivores that show considerable variation in their social and spatial organization. At the westernmost part of their range, in Britain and Ireland, variation in spatial organization appears to be determined by the availability of resources. However, the majority of studies has focussed at one end of the social/spatial spectrum, where population densities are high and adjacent territories are contiguous and non-overlapping. To examine whether the same limiting factors appear to apply across a wider range of badger densities, we established a study site in a predominantly coniferous habitat within an upland area of northeast England, where population densities were predicted to be low. Seasonal home ranges of individual badgers were largest in autumn, followed by summer and spring, then winter. This pattern is reflective of the likely seasonal changes in food availability within the area, as opposed to being related to breeding patterns. There were also significant correlations between territory size and the number of grassland patches (positive) and the proportion of grassland (negative), which are consistent with predictions from the Resource Dispersion Hypothesis. Although badgers at the site were living at low to moderate densities relative to many other studied populations in Britain, they showed patterns of spatial organization that were close to those of high-density populations. The nature of the relationship between resource availability and abundance patterns is likely to have important consequences for the conservation and management of badgers and other species that show flexible spatial organization.     

江苏省高速公路站区光伏能源综合利用研究

基于江苏省高速公路沿线服务区、收费站、办公楼屋面面积以及服务区停车场面积统计数据,估算了可利用屋面面积和进行光伏车棚改造的服务区停车场面积。测算了光伏屋面、光伏车棚的装机规模和发电量,结合高速公路用电情况分析了运行方式。经测算:江苏省高速公路服务区和收费站屋面可安装光伏发电总装机容量为32 MW,首年发电量为3200万kWh,全省高速公路光伏屋面25年发电总量约7.3亿kWh;江苏省高速公路光伏车棚可安装光伏发电装机容量约11 MW,25年发电总量约2.5亿kWh;高速公路站区光伏系统所发电量均小于其昼间用电量,站区光伏发电能够以“自发自用”的模式运行。