Vibrational signals in a gregarious sawfly larva (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Perga affinis</Emphasis>): group coordination or competitive signaling?

Group living confers both benefits and costs to the individuals involved. Benefits may include enhanced defense, thermoregulation, and increased foraging efficiency while costs often involve competition for resources such as food, shelter, and mates. Communication provides a medium of exchange among individuals engaged in either cooperative or competitive interactions. The functional analysis of signals within groups therefore requires testing both cooperative and competitive functions, although the latter is infrequently done. In this paper, I study the use of two vibrational signals in a gregarious, processionary Australian sawfly larva, Perga affinis: tapping and contractions. Tapping involves striking the substrate with the sclerotized portion of the abdominal tail and a contraction is a fast, whole-body twitch, which is both tactile and vibrational in its transmission. For tapping, I first demonstrate that it is a form of communication, as tapping of one larva elicits tapping in another, and that it is transmitted through substrate vibrations. I then test whether the signal is mostly cooperative or competitive in nature by examining it in light of two hypotheses: (1) the Group Coordination hypothesis, stating that the signal functions to maintain group cohesiveness and (2) the Competitive Signaling hypothesis, stating that tapping serves as a competitive assessment signal between larvae while feeding. For contractions, I test only the group coordination hypothesis that they serve to coordinate and initiate group movement. Results support the group coordination hypothesis for each signal. While feeding, lone larvae (without potential competitors) were significantly more likely to tap than those in groups, and this trend continued in non-feeding situations. Contractions regularly preceded periods of group movement during processions and were given with increasing frequency before departure from preforaging clusters. The vibrational signals in this processionary species likely function cooperatively to maintain group cohesiveness and coordinate movement.     

海洋微藻活体及乙醇固定状态下基因组DNA的微量提取方法

探讨了海洋微藻活体及固定状态下基因组DNA的提取方法,即作者改进的CTAB法.结果表明,CTAB改进法提取的基因组DNA蛋白质、酚、盐和小分子的污染较少,多糖成份也得到了有效去除.用5%乙醇固定样本提取DNA的效果最好,对原生动物抑制效果也较明显;10%以上的乙醇可杀死原生动物,但对DNA的降解率较大;30%以上的乙醇对细菌抑制较明显,但DNA都有较大程度的降解.本法提取的DNA可用于正常的酶切和PCR.用甲醛、甲醇/冰醋酸等其它固定液固定样品,DNA的得率低或者质量和纯度低.图7表1参27     

中小城镇生活垃圾污染防治策略探讨

本文分析了我国中小城镇生活垃圾污染的现状和特征，本着因地制宜的原则提出了适合我国广大中小城镇垃圾污染治理的几个策略，其中的垃圾三类收集回收利用系统和建立在垃圾有效分选基础上的垃圾综合处理工艺是比较符合我国的国情，并在此基础上提出了中小城镇垃圾污染预防的几点建议。     

高速公路生活区污水处理初探

通过对高速公路生活区污水特点的分析及各种生活污水处理的工艺比较向人们提供一种适合高速公路生活区污水处理的工艺。     

新冠肺炎疫情对农村人居环境整治的影响

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19,简称“新冠肺炎”）疫情的发生,影响了我国经济水平较低、环境管控力度较薄弱的农村地区的发展.通过对新冠肺炎防疫过程与农村人居环境整治工作间的相互关系进行剖析,探究新冠肺炎疫情防控对农村人居环境整治的主要影响.结果表明,农村垃圾堆积、污水处理不当、厕所粪污无害化处理不达标以及基础设施建设不完善等农村人居环境薄弱环节,存在形成病毒传播扩散途径的风险.而交通运输限制虽然有效抑制了新冠肺炎疫情扩散,但也致使农村人居整治工作延滞.同时,新冠肺炎疫情的传播扩散在短期内限制了农民行为活动,降低了群众对农村人居环境整治工作的热情.据此,建议应健全农村人居环境整治制度,完善整治工程技术,从而在有效管控新冠肺炎疫情传播的同时,更好地推进农村人居环境整治,提高农民生活质量,为疫情过后恢复农民生活、农业生产以及农村发展打下坚实的基础.      

中国城乡居民生活消费碳排放变化的比较研究

基于碳排放系数法估算了1997~2015年中国城镇、农村和整体（包含城镇和农村）居民生活消费引起的直接碳排放量,进一步采用Dagum基尼系数和Kernel密度函数估计方法对中国城镇和农村居民生活消费碳排放的地区差距及分布动态进行实证研究.同时,采用乘积式对数平均迪式指数模型（M-LMDI）分析了直接能源消费强度、居民人均消费水平和单位能源碳排放强度3大因素对居民消费碳排放变化的影响,并重点考察了各省份相关变量对生活消费碳排放影响的城乡差异.结果表明：（1）中国城镇和农村居民人均生活消费碳排放量在研究期内呈现逐年递增的趋势,在空间上均存在显著非均衡特征.（2）中国居民人均生活消费碳排放的地区总差异呈现波动下降的趋势,从1997年的0.379下降到2015年的0.244.1997~1999年城镇和农村居民生活消费碳排放的组间差距是城乡差距的主要来源,其贡献率超过50%.2000年后组内差距成为城乡差距的主要来源,其贡献率均大于40%并超过了组间差距.（3）城镇和农村居民人均生活消费碳排放均在增加,地区差异均在扩大.（4）对全国居民生活消费碳排放变动贡献最大的省区是内蒙古,累计贡献值达0.1005.贡献最小的省区是云南,累计贡献值为0.0125.（5）农村的能源消费强度和人均消费水平的贡献程度在研究期内均大于城镇,单位能源碳排放强度在两个地区的贡献水平表现出了波动性.     

Free ‐ living animals as indicators of environmental pollution by chlorinated hydrocarbons

As some species of game and free‐living animals promptly respond to ecosystem damage by a reaction that is easy to interpret, they are important ecological indicators in assessing the total contamination of the environment. Consumers of the highest order like predators, predatory and fish‐eating birds are among the most important bioindicators of environmental contamination by chlorinated hydrocarbons and PCB.

Data on chlorinated hydrocarbons and PCB levels were collected throughout 1988–1992 and obtained from 16 species of free‐living animals from 9 protected areas of Slovakia. Muscle tissue, liver, kidney and egg samples were examined for HCB, HCH isomers, DDT and its analogues, and PCB.

Levels of organic chlorinated contaminants reveal a decreasing tendency and thus cease to be a toxicologically important risk factor in game, with the exception of predatory birds, as significant values have been recorded in their eggs and reproductive organs.     

论道路交通安全环境

通过对道路交通环境与交通安全关系的阐述 ,分析了由于道路在规划、设计等方面的原因而导致交通事故的机理 ,探讨了道路环境在使用过程中技术状况对交通安全的影响 ,建立了道路交通安全体系 ,剖析了系统内各因素之间的关系 ,提出了道路安全环境对交通安全的影响有着极其重要的意义。文中还针对性地提出了改善交通安全状况、降低交通事故发生量的对策。     

厌氧折流板污泥对偶氮染料酸性大红GR的生物降解性能研究

研究了厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）活性厌氧污泥对偶氮染料酸性大红GR的吸附与生物降解性能,并与失活污泥进行了对比。试验结果表明,35℃时厌氧活性污泥2h、12h、6d的脱色率分别为78.2%、86.0%、98.9%。无论在反应初始阶段还是稳定阶段,ABR活性厌氧污泥对染料的去除效果都明显优于失活污泥。而且在初始COD为1152mg/L的,由于非有效吸附位置染料脱落等原因,反应期间,失活污泥混合液中染料浓度还会升高。情况下,活性厌氧污泥混合液出水COD为86.0mg/L,去除率约为92.5%。这说明ABR厌氧污泥微生物在短时间内便可以得到驯化,一旦厌氧微生物适应生长环境,生物降解便开始对染料发挥作用。     

生存空间相对性的再研究

生存空间可分为狭义和广义两种,狭义生存空间的特点是有限性和潜在性,扩展性或相对性则是广义生存空间的最大特征;对生存空间的分类研究,有助于某一国家或地区生存现状和发展潜力的评价;人们通过贸易,交换着各自的生存空间;发展经济和科学技术,合理分配生活和生产空间,保护环境,控制人口,以及对资源的合理分配,是人类保护和扩大生存空间努力的基本方面。