萧红创作的生命底色

萧红被誉为20世纪30年代的文学洛神。她30韶华年纪便撒手人寰，令时人和后人深深叹惋.然而，对于人生的痛切体验和感悟，对于普通人的生存状态和生命意义的关注和探究，却充满灵性地从这位年轻作家的笔端如山泉般潺潺流出，汇聚成关于生命这个历久弥新话题的涌动的歌。而对人性弱点的剖露，对国民性弱点的批判，对美好人性的歌咏又使作家对人生这部大书的解读富有深度和韵味。     

Urban reconciliation ecology: the potential of living roofs and walls

Reconciling human and non-human use of urban regions to support biological conservation represents a major challenge for the 21st century. The concept of reconciliation ecology, by which the anthropogenic environment may be modified to encourage non-human use and biodiversity preservation without compromising societal utilization, potentially represents an appropriate paradigm for urban conservation given the generally poor opportunities that exist for reserve establishment and ecological restoration in urban areas. Two habitat improvement techniques with great potential for reconciliation ecology in urban areas are the installation of living roofs and walls, which have been shown to support a range of taxa at local scales. This paper evaluates the reconciliation potential of living roofs and walls, in particular highlighting both ecological and societal limitations that need to be overcome for application at the landscape scale. We further consider that successful utilization of living roofs and walls for urban reconciliation ecology will rely heavily on the participation of urban citizens, and that a 'citizen science' model is needed to facilitate public participation and support and to create an evidence base to determine their effectiveness. Living roofs and walls are just one aspect of urban reconciliation ecology, but are particularly important 'bottom-up' techniques for improving urban biodiversity that can be performed directly by the citizenry.     

EIA application in China's expressway infrastructure: clarifying the decision-making hierarchy

China's EIA Law came into effect in 2003 and formally requires road transport infrastructure development actions to be subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). EIAs (including project EIA and plan EIA, or strategic environmental impact assessment, SEA) have been being widely applied in the expressway infrastructure planning field. Among those applications, SEA is applied to provincial level expressway network (PLEI) plans, and project EIA is applied to expressway infrastructure development 'projects' under PLEI plans. Three case studies (one expressway project EIA and two PLEI plan SEAs) were examined to understand currently how EIAs are applied to expressway infrastructure development planning. Through the studies, a number of problems that significantly influence the quality of EIA application in the field were identified. The reasons causing those problems are analyzed and possible solutions are suggested aimed at enhancing EIA practice, helping deliver better decision-making and ultimately improving the environmental performance of expressway infrastructure.     

城市生活垃圾对城市生态系统的破坏及防治对策分析

随着我国经济的发展和城市化进程的加快,城市居民生活水平的不断提高,人们面临着日趋严重的环境问题,特别是城市生活垃圾问题,已经成为当今世界最严重的公害之一。城市是产生生活垃圾最为集中的地方,主要包括炊厨废物、废纸、织物、家用什具、玻璃陶瓷碎片、废电器制品、废塑料制品、煤灰渣、废交通工具等。城市生活垃圾处理不当,不仅会影响城市环境卫生,侵占城市的土地,而且更为严重的是对城市生态系统产生一定的破坏。例如对城市周围的土壤、水体、大气等造成污染,对人们的健康造成威胁。本文综述我国城市生活垃圾处理现状对城市生态系统破坏及其如何防治加以探讨。     

Social network analysis and valid Markov chain Monte Carlo tests of null models

Analyses of animal social networks derived from group-based associations often rely on randomisation methods developed in ecology (Manly, Ecology 76:1109–1115, 1995) and made available to the animal behaviour community through implementation of a pair-wise swapping algorithm by Bejder et al. (Anim Behav 56:719–725, 1998). We report a correctable flaw in this method and point the reader to a wider literature on the subject of null models in the ecology literature. We illustrate the importance of correcting the method using a toy network and use it to make a preliminary analysis of a network of associations among eagle rays.

Gunnison’s prairie dog (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cynomys gunnisoni</Emphasis>): testing the resource dispersion hypothesis

Few studies have experimentally tested the resource dispersion hypothesis (RDH). In this study, I tested whether space use and social organization of Gunnison’s prairie dog responded to changes in the dispersion and abundance of resources. Food manipulations were carried out during the reproductive and nonreproductive seasons across 2 years. Gunnison’s prairie dog adults responded to the experiments by decreasing territory size as food became patchier in space and time. Both males and females modified their home ranges, with no detectable difference between sexes, either prior to or during the experiments. As food became patchier in space and time, the spatial overlap of adults increased, whereas it decreased as food became more evenly dispersed. The average size of a group, defined as those individuals occupying the same territory, did not change significantly as a result of the experiments. Where changes in the composition and size of groups did occur, there was no indication that such changes were sex specific. Results from this study support critical components of the RDH and strongly suggest that patterns of space use and social structure in Gunnison’s prairie dogs are the result of individual responses to resource abundance and distribution.     

低压配电线路剩余电流断路器动作判据的研究

为了改善剩余电流断路器频繁误动作的问题,提出以偶次谐波变化率最小值阈值、工频变化量阈值、剩余电流动作整定值相结合的三重判据.首先,搭建活体触电试验平台,获取活体不同部位的多组触电试验数据,利用S变换提取触电波形谐波特征,并计算出触电时刻偶次谐波变比率最小值阈值和工频变化量阈值.其次,搭建人体触电仿真模型,发现存在相似的...     

住宅小区人居环境评价指标体系的建立及应用——以常州市为例

根据我国工业城市住宅小区的实际情况,提出了具有4个层次的住宅小区人居环境评价指标体系,其中,一级指标包括住区自然环境、住区生态环境和室内环境,最底层指标有24个。利用统计分析法(Delphi)确定各指标的权值。根据该评价指标体系,采用科学的监测、调查分析方法,对常州市5个目标小区进行了多角度、多层次的监测调查分析。最终得出5个小区的评价结果,为城市规划和改善城市人居环境提供现状基础和技术支持。     

Light rail use is more likely on “walkable” blocks: Further support for using micro-level environmental audit measures

The primary purpose of the study was to address the claim that people are more likely to walk to a transit stop if they live on a “walkable” block. An additional purpose was to evaluate the Irvine Minnesota Inventory (IMI) as an environmental audit tool. The IMI was used to measure walkability features of 19 blocks in a revitalizing neighborhood. We hypothesized that residents who walked to a light rail TRAX stop (n = 22) would live on blocks with higher walkability ratings compared to residents who did not walk to TRAX (nonriders, n = 15), or who walked only after a closer TRAX stop was built (new users, n = 11). A MANCOVA indicated the IMI scales differentiated the blocks; the strongest differences were obtained in subscales that measured the block's diversity, safety from crime and density (marginally significant). Participants' perceptions of their complete walk to the transit stop were consistent with the home block IMI scores, with the continuing riders having more positive views than the other two groups. The results show the ability of the IMI to distinguish among blocks in walkability, and support further use of this audit tool in environmental analyses and active living research. We end with a discussion of conceptual and methodological issues in the use of audit tools and provide recommendations for using these measures for local, immediate interests, as well as for building a broader science of environmental measurement.     

农村最低生活保障政策在实施过程中的瞄准分析

随着我国扶贫战略从区域扶贫向个人扶贫的转变,2007年我国在农村地区全面建立了最低生活保障制度.基于一份具有全国代表性的农户资料,本文采用赤贫指数从多维度度量了农户的贫困程度,并将其应用于农村最低生活保障制度的瞄准效率研究.赤贫指数越低,表示农户越贫困,理论上,这些农户也越应该获得领取最低生活保障资格.结果发现,现阶段我国农村最低生活保障制度瞄准效率不高,瞄准遗漏和瞄准漏出同时存在.其中,在村级层面的分析结果发现,样本村中只有25.5%的最贫困农户在2007年得到了低保;同时,处于赤贫指数最低端的20%和40%的农户分别只得到了最低生活保障名额的50.67%和73.33%.而在获得最低生活保障的农户中,有1/5以上的农户认为低保金对改善他们家庭经济状况帮助很小或者没有任何帮助.基于以上研究结论,本文认为政府在继续增加对农村最低生活保障制度的财政投入的同时,应当在建立健全更为规范完善的收入核算标准的基础上,从研究和实践两个方面继续探索发展适合我国农村的多维度的贫困户鉴别制度,提高农村低保的瞄准效率.