中等城市居民生活消费生态系统占用的比较分析——以泰州、商丘、铜川、锡林郭勒为例

论文引入生态足迹用于分析城市居民消费,通过选取代表不同经济水平和具有不同消费特点的泰州、商丘、铜川、锡林郭勒4个地级市(盟),从生态系统占用角度计算并分析了不同地区中等城市居民生活消费生态系统占用的差异。结果表明:泰州、商丘、铜川90%左右的生态占用来自人们对吃穿的消费,而锡林郭勒这部分的占用则不到70%,其相当一部分占用是来自为了克服较差的气候条件而产生的取暖用煤量;位于草原地区的锡林郭勒多消费牛羊肉,对草地的人均占用多达0.333hm2,是其他地区的数倍,位于长江流域的泰州水产消费较其他地区多,对水域的人均占用达到了0.116hm2,另外三地仅及其16%～45%。结合4城市的生态空间分析发现,仅商丘、泰州、铜川的城镇居民生活消费所占用的生态空间就已经超出了整个城市地区的生态承载水平,即使是地广人稀的锡林郭勒,城镇居民生活消费的生态占用也已接近全盟生态承载的1/2。显然,城市是一类典型的生态赤字区,如何有效调节城市居民的消费方式与消费结构,对于促进城市的可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。     

五氯酚对生物膜活细胞含量及分布的影响研究

以废水处理生物膜为研究对象,建立了表征生物膜细胞活性的磷脂测定方法.研究中采用冷冻切片技术,以150μm为一层,考察生物膜不同深度的磷脂浓度.结果表明,当五氯酚浓度为零时,生物膜磷脂含量随深度方向呈近似的正态分布,磷脂含量的绝对值在(1246.2±217.4)～(527.2±95.3)μg/L之间(n=4),峰值出现在...     

自然水体生物膜有机组分对Cd2+的吸附特征

室内模拟研究了长春南湖水生物膜中有机组分即胞外聚合物、微生物非活性细胞和微生物活性细胞对Cd^2＋的吸附特征及其影响因素。结果表明：3种有机组分对Cd^2＋的吸附过程分为快速和慢速阶段，达到吸附平衡的时间分别为360、100和100min；Cd^2＋的吸附最均在pH为6h达到最佳；在实验所选温度范围内，胞外聚合物在30℃时对Cd^2＋的吸附量最大．而温度对Cd^2＋在微生物非活性细胞和活性细胞的影响不显著；Cd^2＋在3种有机组分上的吸附均符合Langmuir和Freundlish热力学方程，吸附能力为胞外聚合物〉微生物非活性细胞〉微生物活性细胞。在有Pb^2＋共存的条件下，Langmuir和Freundlish热力学方程仍然适合描述3种有机组分对Cd^2＋的热力学吸附过程，但Cd^2＋的吸附量和饱和吸附最均减小。     

拟康宁木霉活菌体处理含铜废水

以拟康宁木霉(Trichoderma koningiopsis)活菌体为吸附剂探讨了接触时间、初始铜浓度、投菌量、葡萄糖用量、碱浓度等因素对木霉活菌体处理含铜废水效果的影响.结果表明,在初始铜浓度100 mg/L,投菌量3 g/L,预处理碱浓度0.2mol/L的条件下,木霉活菌体吸附铜效果最佳,吸附量可达5.01 mg/g(湿).吸附Cu前后的拟康宁木霉菌降解四环素实验结果表明,吸附前后木霉对有机物均有降解效果,吸附过程属活菌体吸附.TEM结果显示,木霉去除铜的机制为表面吸附/络合和胞内富集,FTIR揭示了羟基是活性菌体吸附的主要基团,XRD分析结果证实了羟基与铜结合并以水蓝铜矾[Cu4(SO4)(OH)6H2O]形式络合于菌种细胞壁上,Langmuir吸附等温线较好地拟合了活菌对铜离子的吸附,表明菌体对铜离子主要为均质单层吸附.     

可持续发展与我国环境资源法保护对象的变革

本文从分析我国环境资源法保护对象发展变化的过程入手，提出了今后环境资源法应紧紧围绕生态环境及其承载能力作为更加明确具体的规定，以利于全社会加强对生态环境的保护，实现我国社会的可持续发展。     

Conspecific threat,predation avoidance,and resource defense: implications for grouping in langurs

Data on langur (Presbytis entellus) populations were gathered from the literature to test the importance of three selective pressures in determining group size and composition: predation pressure, intergroup resource defense, and conspecific threat. There were no detectable difference in the size of groups in populations facing nearly intact predator communities compared to those populations where predators were severely reduced in number or absent, although there was a trend for the number of adult males per group to increase in areas with nearly intact predator communities. Using population density as an indirect measure of the frequency of intrusions into a group’s home range and thereby as an index of the demographic pressure favoring resource defense, we predicted that higher densities would result in larger defensive coalitions and higher numbers of females per group. This prediction was not upheld. Our third selective pressure, conspecific threat, encompasses those selective forces resulting from physical attack on females, infants, and juveniles. Our index of conspecific threat uses the number of non-group males divided by the number of bisexual groups, because in langurs, the major source of conspecific threat derives from non-group males who, following group take-over, kill infants, wound females, and expel juveniles from groups. This index of conspecific threat was strongly related to the mean number of resident females, was weakly related to the mean group size, but was not related to the number of males in the group. In addition, as predicted, populations with a high index of conspecific threat had higher levels of juvenile expulsion. These analyses were corroborated by a simulation model which used a computer-generated series of null populations to calculate expected slopes of immatures regressed on adult females. These randomly generated populations, matched to means and ranges of real populations, allowed us to determine if deviations of the observed slopes from the expected null slopes could be explained by variation in predation pressure, population density, or conspecific threat. We found no evidence that predation pressure was associated with decreases in immature survival in smaller groups, as would be predicted by the predation-avoidance hypothesis. We found no evidence that immature survival was compromised by small group size in high-density populations, as would be predicted by the resource-defense hypothesis. However, as the index of conspecific threat increased, groups with larger numbers of females were more successful than groups with fewer females in reducing mortality or expulsion of immatures. Overall, conspecific threat received the strongest support as a selective pressure influencing langur group size and composition, suggesting that this selective pressure should be evaluated more widely as a factor influencing composition of animal groups. Received: 23 January 1995/Accepted after revision: 18 February 1996     

SBR工艺特点及改进类型

介绍了SBR污水处理的方法 ,包括它们的处理原理、相应的特点及应用范围     

新装修居室空气中甲醛浓度分析

目的 探讨装修后居室室内空气中甲醛浓度随时间的变化规律。方法 于2004年3-8月选择装修材料不同的2套新装修住宅，采用盐酸副玫瑰苯胺比色法，跟踪分析呼和浩特市2套居民新装修房屋室内空气甲醛含量。结果 铺复合木地板的A房空气中甲醛浓度比铺耐磨砖地板的B房空气中甲醛浓度约高17％；从装修完毕起，至少要经过6个月，室内空气中甲醛浓度才基本降至符合国家标准的水平；在连续监测过程中也发现，若室温升高，室内空气中甲醛浓度也会略有上升。结论 复合木地板释放的甲醛不容忽视；装修后6个月，室内空气中甲醛浓度才能降到容许范围。     

小城镇生活垃圾收费弹性分析——关于黑龙江省密山市密山镇生活垃圾收费的调查

通过对黑龙江省密山市密山镇环卫处的实地调查，收集了生活垃圾清运量、卫生收费和监察收费的时间序列数据。借助于经济学的弹性理论，计算了生活垃圾清运量对卫生收费和检查收费总额的弹性，分时段阐述了生活垃圾清运量对上述收费总额所表现出的与弹性理论相违背的现象，得出目前该镇收费对生活垃圾的减量化基本不起作用的结论，井从收费方法不合理和收费标准低的角度分析了上述现象存在的原因以及完善谊镇生活垃圾收费制度的建议。     

环滇池区域经济发展中水源地居民的补偿问题探讨

分析了松华坝水源地水源保护政策的效果和农民人均年纯收入水平，认为需建立补偿机制。提出了将原水销售中的部分收入反馈到水源地和往用水城市搬迁移民等补偿方式。