阳离子交换树脂法提取一株除铬(Ⅵ)优势菌(Bacillus sp.)的胞外聚合物

采用阳离子交换树脂法对一株除铬优势菌(Bacillussp.)的胞外聚合物(EPS)进行提取,综合考察树脂量、振摇频率、提取时间三个主要因素对EPS提取效率的影响,确定阳离子交换树脂法提取优势菌Bacillussp.的最佳EPS提取条件.试验结果表明:当菌悬液OD为0.833,树脂量20g,振摇频率120r.min-1,提取时间8h时,EPS的提取效果最佳,提取量高达132.15μg.ml-1菌悬液,而DNA提取量仅1.48μg.ml-1菌悬液.     

Enhancement of extracellular Cr(VI) reduction for anammox recovery using hydrazine: performance,pathways, and mechanism

● N₂H₄ addition enhanced and recovered anammox performance under Cr(VI) stress. ● N₂H₄ accelerated electron transfer of Cr(VI) reduction for detoxification. ● N₂H₄ enhanced anammox metabolism for activity recovery from Cr(VI) inhibition. ● Extracellular Cr(VI) reduction to less toxic Cr(III) was the dominant mechanism. The hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) would frequently impose inhibition to anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process, hindering the efficiency of nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment. Hydrazine (N₂H₄), which is an intermediate product of anammox, participates in intracellular metabolism and extracellular Cr(VI) reduction. However, the roles of N₂H₄-induced intracellular metabolism and extracellular reduction in nitrogen removal under Cr(VI) stress remain unclear. The addition of 3.67 mg/L of N₂H₄ increased the anammox activity by 17%. As an intermediate, N₂H₄ enhanced anammox metabolism by increasing the heme c content and electron transfer system activity. As a reductant, N₂H₄ accelerated the reduction of c-Cyts-mediated extracellular Cr(VI) to the less toxic Cr(III). Extracellular Cr(III) accounts for 74% of the total Cr in a Cr(VI)-stressed anammox consortia. These findings highlight that N₂H₄-induced extracellular Cr(VI) reduction is the dominant mechanism for the survival of anammox consortia. We also found that N₂H₄ increased the production of extracellular polymeric substances to sequester excessive Cr(VI) and produced Cr(III). Taken together, the study findings suggest a potential strategy for enhancing nitrogen removal from ammonium-rich wastewater contaminated with Cr(VI).     

基于粒度分布的活性污泥胞外聚合物提取及凝聚特性分析

胞外聚合物(EPS)在活性污泥的凝聚及结构方面起着重要的作用。现有研究一般根据分离难易程度及空间分布,将EPS分为溶解型EPS(SEPS),松散结合型EPS(LB-EPS)和紧密结合型EPS(TB-EPS)。本研究提出了根据EPS功能进行分类的概念,将EPS分为絮体EPS(extra-microcolony polymeric substances,EMPS)和菌胶团EPS(extra-cellular polymeric substances,ECPS)。以活性污泥粒度分布的演变为基础,采用阳离子交换树脂法作为一次提取法,甲醛加碱法和超声-高速离心法2种方法分别作为二次提取法,对EMPS和ECPS进行分离提取,并对其功能及凝聚特性进行分析。结果显示,阳离子交换树脂法可有效提取EMPS,而超声-高速离心法可有效提取ECPS。ECPS比EMPS含有更多的蛋白质和多糖,且ECPS比EMPS具有更强的疏水性。此外,EMPS和ECPS都表现出较强的带负电特性。结果表明,活性污泥絮体层级和菌胶团层级的聚合力不同,絮体层级的絮凝主要由二价阳离子的桥联作用引起,而菌胶团层级的凝聚则是由疏水作用等其他作用力引起。     

高分子絮凝剂CPF的合成和用于生活污水处理研究

通过改变水溶液聚合配比、温度和时间等得出合成高分子絮凝剂CPF的最佳工艺条件.并将合成的CPF絮凝剂与5种无机絮凝剂进行复配,对生活污水进行絮凝处理,优化出CPF与无机絮凝剂的最佳复配方案.采用最佳复配方案,进行了絮体回用效果实验,为CPF絮凝剂在水处理中的应用提供了重要的科学依据.     

胞外多聚物在好氧颗粒污泥形成中的作用机制

在SBR反应器活性污泥好氧颗粒化过程中,分析不同时期污泥EPS主要成分的变化、污泥表面特性的变化及二者相关关系.不同时期污泥样品胞外蛋白的SDS-PAGE表明,蛋白分子量条带主要分布在（31.0～97.4）×10³,与种泥相比,颗粒污泥在形成过程中增加了一些新蛋白条带,且条带颜色逐渐变深,定性表明蛋白种类及含量的增加.定量测定也表明,胞外蛋白分泌量随颗粒污泥的形成逐渐从49.4 mg·g^-1增至148.3 mg·g^-1,多糖则无明显变化,蛋白/多糖值也从2.3逐渐增至4.9.颗粒污泥表面疏水性比种泥约增加1倍,疏水性的变化与蛋白/多糖值正相关,相关系数为0.969.测得种泥与颗粒污泥表面Zeta电位平均值分别为-28.5 mV和-13.2　mV,颗粒污泥表面的电负性明显降低.由蛋白质自身特性,可推测其通过增加污泥表面相对疏水性和降低污泥表面电负性而促进好氧颗粒污泥形成的作用机制.     

进水氨氮浓度对生物除磷颗粒系统的影响

在SBR反应器中接种成熟的生物除磷颗粒,通过分阶段提高进水中氨氮浓度,研究了进水氨氮浓度对生物除磷颗粒系统的影响,确定系统对进水氨氮负荷的承受能力.结果表明,进水氨氮浓度低于45 mg·L~(-1)时,生物除磷颗粒系统具有良好的性能,TP去除率在96%以上,COD去除率在89%以上,出水TP浓度和COD浓度分别在0. 4 mg·L~(-1)和25 mg·L~(-1)以下,颗粒粒径在950μm以上,SVI在45 m L·g~(-1)以下;进水氨氮浓度为60 mg·L~(-1)时,TP去除率在95%以上,出水TP浓度在0. 5mg·L~(-1)以下,颗粒粒径为760μm,SVI为56 m L·g~(-1),系统中生物除磷颗粒出现部分解体,PAOs代谢和生长开始受到抑制.进水氨氮浓度达到70 mg·L~(-1)时,TP去除率为70%,出水TP浓度在3 mg·L~(-1)左右,颗粒粒径为570μm,SVI为75 m L·g~(-1),PN/PS值达到7. 50左右,系统中生物除磷颗粒严重解体,PAOs代谢和生长被严重抑制.随着进水氨氮浓度上升,导致生物除磷颗粒中微生物分泌蛋白质增加和多糖减少,PN/PS值增大,出现生物除磷颗粒解体,颗粒粒径减小和SVI上升,生物除磷颗粒的结构和功能被破坏.     

铁负载污泥炭的表征及其促进PAM调理高级厌氧消化污泥的效能研究

本研究首先分析了铁负载污泥炭的物理化学性质,评估了铁负载污泥炭与有机高分子（聚丙烯酰胺,PAM）联合调理改善高级厌氧消化污泥脱水性的效能,研究了联合调理过程中污泥絮体特性与胞外聚合物（EPS）的变化特征.结果表明,单独投加污泥炭可以通过铁的电中和作用降低污泥颗粒间的静电排斥力,同时充当骨架材料改善污泥的脱水性能.此外,铁负载污泥炭可以有效去除污泥体系中大分子溶解性有机物,从而改善污泥的过滤性能.污泥炭和有机絮凝剂在污泥调理过程中表现出明显的协同作用,污泥碳和PAM的最佳投加量分别为250 mg·g^-1（以TSS计）和8 mg·g^-1（以TSS计）.激光共聚焦显微镜分析表明,PAM主要与污泥絮体中的蛋白质分子作用,从而促使污泥颗粒凝聚.     

Effect of proteins, polysaccharides, and particle sizes on sludge dewaterability

Four batch experiments of hydrolysis and acidification were carried out to investigate the distributions of proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in the sludge, the PN/PS ratio, the particle sizes, and their relationship with sludge dewaterability (as determined by capillary suction time, CST). The sludge flocs were stratified through centrifugation- and ultrasound-based method into four fractions: (1) slime, (2) loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS), (3) tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS), and (4) pellet. The results showed that PN was mainly partitioned in the pellet (80.7%) and TB-EPS (9.6%) fractions, while PS distributed evenly in the four fractions. During hydrolysis and acidification, PN was transferred from the pellet and TB-EPS fractions to the slime fraction, but PS had no significant transfer trends. The mean particle sizes of the sludge flocs decreased with hydrolysis and acidification. The pH had a more significant influence on the dewaterability of sludge flocs than temperature. Sludge dewaterability during hydrolysis and acidification processes greatly deteriorated from 9.7 s at raw sludge to 340–450 s under alkaline conditions. However, it was just slightly increased under acidic conditions. Further investigation suggested that CST was a ected by soluble PN, soluble PN/PS, and particle sizes of sludge flocs, but was a ected slightly by total PN, PS, or PN/PS in the whole sludge flocs and other fractions (except slime).     

聚硅酸硫酸铁混凝剂的性能研究

以硅酸钠、硫酸和硫酸铁为原料制备聚硅酸硫酸铁混凝剂（简称ＰＦＳＳ）,考察了ＰＦＳＳ在不同条件下水解产物表面的ζ电位变化情况,研究了Ｆｅ／ＳｉＯ２摩尔比和投加量对ＰＦＳＳ除浊效果的影响,试验了ＰＦＳＳ的最佳混凝ｐＨ范围与Ｆｅ／ＳｉＯ２摩尔比之间的关系,探讨了其混凝机理．结果表明,Ｆｅ／ＳｉＯ２摩尔比对ＰＦＳＳ水解产物的ζ电位、ＰＦ－ＳＳ的混凝效果以及ＰＦＳＳ适宜的最佳ｐＨ值范围都有影响;当Ｆｅ／ＳｉＯ２摩尔比达１．５左右时,ＰＦＳＳ的混凝除浊效果趋于最佳．     

厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS及其对污泥表面特性的影响

取厌氧氨氧化EGSB反应器中颗粒污泥,根据粒径筛分为R1(0. 5～1. 4 mm)、R2(1. 4～2. 8 mm)和R3( 2. 8 mm)这3组.提取不同粒径厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS,分析EPS特性及其对厌氧氨氧化聚集体表面特性的影响.随着厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥粒径的增加,PS含量介于(10. 69±0. 11)～(12. 28±0. 15) mg·g~(-1)之间,而PN含量从(56. 88±0. 86) mg·g~(-1)增加到(98. 59±2. 10) mg·g~(-1),且PN/PS从5. 32提高到9. 05.不同粒径厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS官能团及三维荧光组分含量不同.随着颗粒污泥粒径增大,蛋白质二级结构α-螺旋/(β-折叠+无规卷曲)值从0. 60逐渐降低到0. 43,这种变化有利于污泥表面疏水性的表达.随着颗粒污泥粒径的增大,污泥表面疏水性由54. 2%提高到63. 1%,Zeta电位由-41. 2 m V增加到-31. 5 m V,疏水性的增强和表面电荷的增大有利于颗粒污泥的聚集.厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS可以增强污泥疏水性和提高Zeta电位,EPS中的PN发挥着重要的作用.