显微镜电泳技术研究聚磷氯化铝的混凝特性

采用显微电泳技术和混凝实验研究聚磷氯化铝对100mg/L蒙脱土悬浊水的混凝过程。描述了聚磷氯化铝的电泳特征及其混凝作用特性,并在较低的、相同的碱磷化度B_p（B_p＜1.5）基础上比较聚磷氯化铝与普通聚合氯化铝的混凝特征过程。结果表明,聚磷氯化铝的混凝效能优于聚合氯化铝。     

Interactions of extracellular DNA with aromatized biochar and protection against degradation by DNase I

With increasing environmental application, biochar (BC) will inevitably interact with and impact environmental behaviors of widely distributed extracellular DNA (eDNA), which however still remains to be studied. Herein, the adsorption/desorption and the degradation by nucleases of eDNA on three aromatized BCs pyrolyzed at 700 °C were firstly investigated. The results show that the eDNA was irreversibly adsorbed by aromatized BCs and the pseudo-second-order and Freundlich models accurately described the adsorption process. Increasing solution ionic strength or decreasing pH below 5.0 significantly increased the eDNA adsorption on BCs. However, increasing pH from 5.0 to 10.0 faintly decreased eDNA adsorption. Electrostatic interaction, Ca ion bridge interaction, and π-π interaction between eDNA and BC could dominate the eDNA adsorption, while ligand exchange and hydrophobic interactions were minor contributors. The presence of BCs provided a certain protection to eDNA against degradation by DNase I. BC-bound eDNA could be partly degraded by nuclease, while BC-bound nuclease completely lost its degradability. These findings are of fundamental significance for the potential application of biochar in eDNA dissemination management and evaluating the environmental fate of eDNA.     

高分子螯合剂的制备,表征及性能研究

高分子量的聚丙烯酰胺,通过发生在侧基上的Ｍａｎｎｉｃｈ反应,使之带有螯合基团。高分子的结构经约外光谱和核磁共振氢谱得到确证。考察了聚合物对Ｎｉ＾２＋离子的螯合能力,比较了经胺化改性及酸化所得的螯合剂对Ｎｉ＾２＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋的螯合能力,研究了酸度对螯合剂螯合能力的影响。结果表明,制得的具有螯合侧基的高分子能对重金属离子有效螯合,且螯合能力几乎与体系的酸度无关。     

铝的水解聚合形态分析方法研究

本文主要探讨了铝的水解聚合形态的两种测定方法，即Ａ１－Ｆｅｒｒｏｎ逐时络合比色法和＾２７Ａ１ ＮＭＲ核磁共振法。扼要地说明了Ａ１－Ｆｅｒｒｏｎ逐时络合比色法中不同比色－缓冲的配制及其测定结果，以及＾２７Ａ１ ＮＭＲ法中大、小管测量方法及其测定结果。最后对这两种铝的水解聚合形态分析方法的相关性作了对比。     

不同泥龄下活性污泥絮体性状的研究

采用序批式反应器对不同泥龄下污泥絮体的化学性状(胞外聚合物成分及含量)、物理性状(表面电荷)、形态性状(粒度分布、分形维数)等进行了对比研究.结果表明:泥龄对胞外聚合物总量及各组分含量的影响规律并不明显;多糖/蛋白质愈大,污泥絮体表面电负性愈强;污泥絮体的平均粒径随泥龄的延长呈逐渐减小的趋势,且粒度分布愈来愈均匀;不同泥龄下,污泥絮体形态结构亦不相同,泥龄短时,絮体表面粗糙,结构开放疏松;泥龄长时,絮体表面平滑,结构紧凑;随着泥龄的增大,絮体分形维数逐渐增加.由于不同泥龄下所表现出的污泥絮体性状的差异,直接影响了污泥的絮凝和沉降性能.     

除铬优势菌胞外聚合物的提取过程优化

采用阳离子交换树脂法对除铬(Ⅵ)优势菌(Brevibacillussp.)株的胞外聚合物(EPS)的提取过程进行优化,以得到EPS的最佳提取条件。综合考察树脂量、振摇频率、提取时间3个主要因素对优势菌胞外聚合物的影响。结合阳离子交换树脂对EPS的交换吸附机理,对3个提取条件下,EPS及其成分的提取量的变化趋势进行分析。结果表明,菌株经28℃、150 r/min、24 h培养后,确定阳离子交换树脂法提取优势菌EPS的最佳条件为树脂量30 g,振摇频率140 r/min,提取时间9 h,此条件下的EPS提取量为40.84μg/mL。     

实际污水培养好氧颗粒污泥及其特性研究

采用实际城市污水在序批式反应器(SBR)中试装置中成功培养出好氧颗粒污泥.颗粒污泥的沉降速率>21 m·h-1,显示了良好的沉降性能.颗粒污泥对化学需氧量(COD)、氮(N)、磷(P)具有同步去除的能力.在3 h的运行周期中,反应器出水COD<50 mg·L-1,氨氮(NH+4-N)<5.0 mg·L-1,总氮(TN)<15 mg·L-1,对TN和总磷(TP)的去除率达到50%.采用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(CLSM)对好氧颗粒污泥的结构分析表明,好氧颗粒污泥的胞外多聚物(EPS)在整个颗粒污泥中均匀地分布,构成颗粒污泥的骨架.对颗粒污泥的X射线衍射(XRD)分析显示,在好氧颗粒污泥的内部存在许多无机矿物质,在颗粒污泥形成初期,废水中的无机成分可能具有"晶核"的作用.     

投加聚合铝铁对A2O系统脱氮除磷效能的影响及机制

为研究A²O污水处理系统聚合铝铁投加对污水中TP的强化去除及对其他污染物的协同去除,通过小试试验对比研究了聚合铝铁分别在A²O系统曝气池前端和末端投加时各污染物的去除特征. 结果表明,与前端投加相比,聚合铝铁在曝气池末端的投加能够显著提升系统对污水中TP和NH₄⁺-N的去除率,但聚合铝铁末端投加时系统出水中ρ(NO₃--N)高于前端投加. 结果表明,聚合铝铁投加量〔以ρ(Al)计〕为4 mg/L时去除效果最好,此时系统对CODCr、TN、NH₄⁺-N、TP的去除率分别为93.3%、64.6%、83.6%和97.6%,出水中ρ(CODCr)、ρ(TN)、ρ(NH₄⁺-N) 和ρ(TP)分别为19.8、15.3、6.1和0.2 mg/L. 另外,在10 ℃下运行时,聚合铝铁对生活污水中TP及NH₄⁺-N的去除更为有效.     

Effects of solution conditions on the physicochemical properties of stratification components of extracellular polymeric substances in anaerobic digested sludge

The composition and effects of solution conditions on the physicochemical properties of the stratification components of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in anaerobic digested sludge were determined. The total EPS in anaerobic digested sludge were extracted by the cation exchange resin method. Another EPS extraction method, the centrifugation and sonication technique was employed to stratify the EPS into three fractions: slime, loosely bound (LB)-EPS, and tightly bound (TB)-EPS from the outside to the inside of the anaerobic digested sludge. Proteins and polysaccharides were dispersed uniformly across the different EPS fractions, and humic-like substances were mainly partitioned in the slime, with TB-EPS second. Protein was the major constituent of the LB-EPS and TB-EPS, and the corresponding ratios ranged from 54.0% to 65.6%. The hydrophobic part in the EPS chemical components was primarily comprised of protein and DNA, while the hydrophilic part was mainly composed of polysaccharide. In the slime, the hydrophobic values of several EPS chemical components (protein, polysaccharide, humic-like substances and DNA) were all below 50%. The protein/polysaccharide ratio had a significant influence on the Zeta potentials and isoelectric point values of the EPS: the greater the protein/polysaccharide ratio of the EPS was, the greater the Zeta potential and the higher the isoelectric point value were. All Zeta potentials of the EPS showed a decreasing trend with increasing pH. The corresponding isoelectric point values (pH) were 2.8 for total EPS, 2.2 for slime, 2.7 for LB-EPS, and 2.6 for TB-EPS. As the ionic strength increased, the Zeta potentials sharply increased and then gradually became constant without charge reversal. In addition, as the temperature increased (< 40°C), the apparent viscosity of the EPS decreased monotonically and then gradually became stable between 40 and 60°C.     

活性污泥表面性质对絮凝沉降性能与出水悬浮物的影响

为了研究污水处理厂活性污泥表面性质对絮凝性能(flocculation ability,FA)和出水悬浮物(effluent suspend solid,ESS)的影响,测定了北京市7个不同污水处理厂活性污泥的表面性质,包括污泥容积指数(sludge volume index,SVI)和胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)中的蛋白质/多糖(protein/carbohydrate,P/C)比例、Zeta电位以及二维分形维数(twodimensional fractal dimension,D2f),并且通过相关性分析和拟合,探讨了这几个参数与活性污泥的FA和ESS的关系.结果表明,SVI与活性污泥的FA和ESS并不存在明显的相关关系,但FA和ESS存在明显的负线性相关关系(R_2=0.787);当EPS中的P/C从1.28增加到25.34时,FA可从0.19增加到0.73,ESS从14.89 mg·L~(-1)降低到6.08 mg·L~(-1),蛋白质中的氨基带有正电荷能够中和絮体表面的负电荷,其在EPS中所占的比例越大,有利于降低表面Zeta电位的绝对值和形成更稳定的絮体结构,进而提高絮凝能力.而且,Zeta电位与活性污泥的FA和ESS分别存在负线性相关(R_2=0.883)和正线性相关(R_2=0.902),当Zeta电位的绝对值每减小1 m V,FA提高0.059,ESS减少0.934 mg·L~(-1).此外,活性污泥的D2f与FA基本上呈现指数关系(R_2=0.935,P0.01),当D2f从1.10增加到1.45,FA提高了4.3倍,而同时D2f与ESS具有较好的负线性相关(R_2=0.868).