高频交替OLR强化好氧颗粒污泥性能研究

本研究设置4个反应器R1、R2、R3和R4,分别采用恒定有机负荷率（OLR）和三个交替OLR方式运行,高低OLR分别为0.67/0.67、0.71/0.60、0.77/0.52、0.80/0.40gCOD/（L·d）,以合成配水为基质,探究高频交替OLR对好氧颗粒污泥性能的影响,为提高好氧颗粒污泥的稳定性提供可行策略.由实验结果可知,R1、R2、R3和R4的完整性系数分别可达到87.26%、94.78%、96.29%、79.63%,四者的EPS含量（以VSS计）可达到81.04、109.46、115.28、139.56mg/g,PN/PS分别为4.75、7.49、8.28、3.26,表明m值（高OLR/低OLR）为1.48时有利于提高好氧颗粒污泥的结构稳定性.此外R1、R2、R3和R4在稳定时期的COD平均去除率分别为92.58%、91.52%、92.45%、92.52%,TP平均去除率分别为92.81%、93.35%、95.10%、61.01%,TN平均去除率分别为93.04%、92.24%、92.06%、85.32%,表明m值为1.48时好氧颗粒污泥去除污染物的效果最好.     

不同铝聚合形态对聚合铝混凝效果的影响

通过氯化铝(铝单体或初聚物形态Ala)、高Alb含量聚合铝(中等聚合形态Alb)、高Alc含量聚合铝(铝溶胶等高聚合形态Alc)和工业PACl(不同聚合度铝的混合形态Alabc)对某水厂沉后水实际水样进行烧杯混凝实验,依据絮体生长状况、浊度、UV254、颗粒数和过滤指数等参数综合评价不同铝形态的混凝作用效果,从而得出铝的最佳混凝形态.结果表明,高Alb含量聚合铝对浊度去除较好;而高Alc含量聚合铝对于颗粒物和UV254的去除效果较佳.     

复合式膜生物反应器的膜污染控制机理

采用常规膜生物反应器(CMBR)和复合式膜生物反应器(HMBR)处理城市生活污水,对HMBR的膜污染控制机理进行了研究。试验结果表明,HMBR能够有效去除胞外多聚物(EPS),反应器内溶解性EPS(S-EPS)、松散附着性EPS(LB-EPS)和紧密附着性EPS(TB-EPS)的含量比CMBR分别降低了42.8%、41.5%和2.1%。附着性EPS(B-EPS)特别是LB-EPS与活性污泥的物理性能密切相关,随着其含量的降低,HMBR中活性污泥的絮凝性能和沉淀性能比CMBR分别提高了24.4%和34.8%。由于滤饼层污泥主要来源于活性污泥,因此随着活性污泥絮凝性能和沉淀性能的提高,HMBR中的滤饼层比阻比CMBR降低了31.1%。作为结果,当跨膜压差(TMP)到达20 kPa时,HMBR运行了143 d,而CMBR仅运行了57 d。     

Distributed generation by energy from waste technology: A life cycle perspective

Municipal Solid Waste in general and its organic fraction in particular is a potential renewable and non-seasonal resource. In this work, a life cycle assessment has been performed to evaluate the environmental impacts of two future scenarios using biogas produced from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) to supply energy to a group of dwellings, respectively comprising distributed generation using solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) micro-CHP systems and condensing boilers. The London Borough of Greenwich is taken as the reference case study. The system is designed to assess how much energy demand can be met and what is the best way to use the digestible waste for distributed energy purposes.The system is compared with two alternative scenarios fuelled by natural gas: a reference scenario, where the electricity is supplied by the grid and the heat is supplied from condensing boilers, and a fuel cell micro-CHP system. The results show that, although OFMSW alone can only supply between 1% and 4% of the total energy demand of the Borough, a saving of ∼130 tonnes of CO₂ eq per year per dwelling equipped with micro-CHP is still achievable compared with the reference scenario. This is primarily due to the surplus electricity produced by the fuel cell when the micro-CHP unit is operated to meet the heat demand. Use of biogas to produce heat only is therefore a less desirable option compared with combined heat and power production. Further investigation is required to identify locally available feedstock other than OFMSW in order to increase the proportion of energy demand that can be met in this way.     

自养菌和异养菌胞外聚合物对活性污泥絮凝特性的影响

为探讨自养菌和异养菌胞外聚合物(Extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)的差异及其对活性污泥表面及絮凝特性的影响,研究了有机负荷为0、0.30和0.74 kg·kg-1·d-1时,污泥松散附着胞外聚合物(loosely bound EPS,LB-EPS)和紧密粘附胞外聚合物(tightly bound EPS,TBEPS)的组分含量、形态、表面特性以及絮凝性能的差异,并就LB-EPS与TB-EPS对污泥絮凝特性影响的作用机理进行了探讨.结果表明,有机负荷越高,多糖含量越高,EPS总量及蛋白质含量越低.由三维荧光光谱测定结果可知,类富里酸物质为异养菌而非自养菌的代谢产物,且有机负荷越高,TB-EPS中的类富里酸荧光峰强度越大.自养和异养污泥的絮凝机理不同,自养活性污泥通过自养菌菌体自身生物絮凝作用形成密实的污泥絮体,LB-EPS与TB-EPS对其絮体形态、表面及絮凝特性影响较小;异养活性污泥絮体形态在TB-EPS提取后发生明显改变,TB-EPS在异养活性污泥絮体聚集时发挥着主要作用.包裹着LB-EPS的污泥表面负电荷多且疏水性差,不利于异养污泥生物絮凝.有机负荷越高,污泥表面Zeta电位负电性越强,相对疏水性(relative hydrophobity,RH)越小,污泥稳定性越差.     

Coastal mudflats as reservoirs of extracellular antibiotic resistance genes: Studies in Eastern China

Despite coastal mudflats serving as essential ecological zones interconnecting terrestrial/freshwater and marine systems, little is known about the profiles of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in this area. In this study, characteristics of typical ARGs, involving both intracellular (iARGs) and extracellular ARGs (eARGs) at different physical states, were explored in over 1000 km of coastal mudflats in Eastern China. Results indicated the presence of iARGs and eARGs at states of both freely present or attached by particles. The abundance of eARGs was significantly higher than that of iARGs (87.3% vs 12.7%), and their dominance was more significant than those in other habitats (52.7%-76.3%). ARG abundance, especially for eARGs, showed an increasing trend (p < 0.05) from southern (Nantong) to northern (Lianyungang) coastal mudflats. Higher salinity facilitated the transformation from iARGs to eARGs, and smaller soil particle size was conducive to the persistence of eARGs in northern coastal mudflats. This study addresses the neglected function of coastal mudflats as eARGs reservoirs.     

AOB与AnAOB在不同生物填料上挂膜效果的研究

针对厌氧氨氧化工艺运行过程中污泥流失严重与启动时间长等问题,本研究通过对多种市售生物填料的挂膜实验,筛选适合好氧氨氧化菌与厌氧氨氧化菌挂膜的生物填料.结果表明,当活性污泥中的好氧氨氧化菌菌属为Nitrosomonas时,AQ1聚氨酯立方体填料最适合其挂膜,挂膜成熟时好氧氨氧化速率可以达到（0.81±0.08）mg N/（L·h）,挂膜生物量为（0.87±0.14）mg VSS.而更适合厌氧氨氧化菌（Candidatus Kuenenia）挂膜的生物填料为K3环形填料,材质为聚乙烯或者聚丙烯.当厌氧氨氧化菌挂膜成熟时,其厌氧氨氧化速率可以达到（3.27±0.10）mg N/（L·h）,挂膜生物量为（2.74±0.40）mg VSS.厌氧氨氧化菌在K3型填料上的挂膜要优于好氧氨氧化菌,其原因是厌氧氨氧化菌分泌的胞外聚合物含量要高于好氧氨氧化菌,而胞外聚合物是形成生物膜的重要因素.     

Evaluation of the secondary structures of protein in the extracellular polymeric substances extracted from activated sludge by different methods

The changes of protein secondary structures in the extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) extracted from activated sludge by four different methods were studied by analyzing the amide I region(1700–1600 cm-1) of the Fourier transform infrared spectra and model protein test. The results showed the molecular weight distribution of organic matter extracted by centrifugation, heating and cation exchange resin(CER) was similar, while the EPS extracted by centrifugation(Control) and CER had similar fluorescent organic matter. The protein secondary structures of extracted EPS by the four methods were different. The similarities of protein secondary structures between the EPS extracted by CER with the Control were the highest among the four extracted EPS. Although the EPS yield extracted by formaldehyde + NaOH method were the highest, its protein secondary structures had the lowest similarity with those extracted by the Control. Additionally, the effects of centrifugation and CER extraction on the secondary structures of bovine serum albumin were also lower than that of other extraction processes. CER enables the second maximum extraction of EPS and maximum retention of the original secondary structure of proteins.     

The role of extracellular organic matter on the cyanobacteria ultrafiltration process

The membrane fouling caused by extracellular organic matter (EOM) and algal cells and organic matter removal of two typical cyanobacteria (M. aeruginosa and Pseudoanabaena sp.) during ultrafiltration (UF) process were studied in this work. The results showed that EOM had a broad molecular weight (Mw) distribution and the irreversible membrane fouling was basically caused by EOM. Moreover, humic acid and microbial metabolites were major components of EOM of two typical cyanobacteria. Since EOM could fill the voids of cake layers formed by the algal cells, EOM and algal cells played synergistic roles in membrane fouling. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that the CH₂ and CH₃ chemical bonds may play an important role in membrane fouling caused by EOM. Interestingly, the cake layer formed by the algal cells could trap the organic matter produced by algae and alleviate some irreversible membrane fouling. The results also showed that although the cake layer formed by the algal cells cause severe permeate flux decline, it could play a double interception role with UF membrane and increase organic matter removal efficiency. Therefore, when using UF to treat algae-laden water, the balance of membrane fouling and organic matter removal should be considered to meet the needs of practical applications.     

Application of organic polymeric flocculants in centrifugal dewa—tering of oil refinery sludge

In order to evaluate the applicability of the organic polymeric floeculants(OPF) in the treatment of oil refinery sludge, experiments were conducted to show that OPF have better performance of flocculafion than inorganic flocculants. Both the anionic and cationic OPF have satisfactory floeculation efficiency in oil sludge treatment, but the latter are more cost-efficient. Among the over 20 types of floecolants tested,20PF(CPAM-2 and HPAM-2) were selected as the treatment agents, based on their good treatment performances, oil-resistance and economic feasibility. It was demonstrated in the industrial-scale centrifugal dewatering experiments that the application of either CPAM-2 or HPAM-2 could achieve high treatment efficiency of the oil sludge dewatefing and reduce the COD of centrifugal liquid to less than 1000 mg/L.