2009年9-10月国内环境事件

简要统计了2009年9-10月国内发生的各种环境事件94起,包括沙尘天气5起,污染事件13起,地震47起,山体滑坡和泥石流15起,旱灾3起以及其他自然灾害11起.     

我国突发公共事件应急管理现状

介绍了突发公共事件的分类和突发公共事件给我国经济带来的巨大损失。叙述了应急管理的概念,阐述了应急管理在我国的发展现状,以及应对突发公共事件所起的作用。通过以往发生的典型突发公共事件案例,深入分析了现阶段我国应急管理在应对突发公共事件过程中的不足。     

浦东新区市政公用行业突发事件应急机制研究

研究浦东新区市政公用行业突发事件的应急机制,探讨实现从单向防控向综合治理、危机管理转变的依据。通过调研,对浦东新区道路、桥梁、燃气、电力和电信等市政公用行业的现状、突发事件的应急预案、等级划分、应急管理组织体系和应急机制等进行实证研究。研究表明,浦东新区市政公用行业突发事件管理行政上属于新区政府的范畴,同时,各行业也有相应的行业主管部门。属地管理,条块结合是我国市政公用行业突发事件管理现状,采用网格化动态联动式应急管理模式需要搭建统一预警处置平台。     

Mass flows of endocrine disruptors in the Glatt River during varying weather conditions

This study focused on the occurrence and behaviour in wastewater and surface waters of several phenolic endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) including parabens, alkylphenolic compounds, phenylphenol (PhP) and bisphenol A (BPA). Analytical procedures using solid-phase-extraction and LC-MS/MS techniques were applied to samples of influents and effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) discharging into the Glatt River (Switzerland) as well as to river water samples. A mass flow analysis provided insight into the main sources and the fate of these contaminants during different weather conditions. Concentrations in influents were in the low μg/L range for most analytes. Removal of parabens in the WWTPs was mostly above 99%. Nonylphenol polyethoxylates (A₉PEO) removal amounted to 98%, but in some cases nonylphenoxy acetic acid (A₉PEC) or nonylphenols (NP) were formed. In effluents, concentrations were highest for the A₉PEC, A₉PEO and NP. Concentrations in river water were in the high ng/L range for alkylphenolic compounds and in the low ng/L range for BPA, PhP and the parabens. During the sampling period, in which several rain events occurred, both water flows and mass flows varied strongly. Mass flows in WWTP effluents and in the river increased with increasing water flows for most compounds indicating that higher water flows do not lead necessarily to a proportional dilution of the pollutants. Throughout the low water flow period, mass flows predicted from the known inputs were similar to the actual mass flows at the end of the river for most analytes. For none of the EDCs, significant in-stream removal could be observed. In the periods with high water flows, mass flows in the river were much higher than can be explained by the initially defined sources. Discharge of untreated wastewater influent into the river was assessed as an additional source. Adding this source improved the mass balance for some, but not all of the analytes.     

The discovery of ash dieback in the UK: the making of a focusing event

Why did the identification of ash dieback (Chalara Fraxinea) in 2012 in the UK catch the national media, public, and political zeitgeist, and lead to policy changes, in a way that no other contemporary tree pest or pathogen outbreak has? The identification of ash dieback in the UK is conceptualised as a successful ‘focusing event’, and the ways in which it was socially constructed by the media, stakeholders, and the government are analysed. National newspaper coverage contributed to the way that the disease was understood and was significant in driving the political response. Ash dieback’s focal power derived from the perceived scale and nature of its impact, the initial attribution of blame on government, the war-like response from the government, and Ash’s status as a threatened native tree. The ash dieback focusing event has increased the salience of plant health issues amongst policymakers, the public, and conservation organisations in the UK.     

近50年湖北省降水变化特征分析

在气候变化背景下,区域降水变化波动较大。湖北地处亚热带,位于典型的季风区内,旱涝灾害比较突出,特别是水患,历来是威胁湖北的一大灾害,因此对降水时空变化进行分析研究,有很现实的意义。利用1961年以来全省65站逐日降水观测资料为基础,根据气候特征和行政区划将湖北省进行区域划分,利用多种统计分析方法,以揭示在全球气候变暖背景下湖北省各区域的降水变化事实。结果表明：湖北省平均年降水量鄂西北最少,鄂东南最多,秋季降水量的减少和冬季降水量的增加最为显著;极端降水事件的变化中,鄂西北发生站次最多,江汉平原其次,鄂西南和鄂东南最少。该结论为湖北各区域的旱涝变化趋势预估、为水资源管理和防汛抗旱工作提供科学的参考     

基于多枢纽城际应急管理网络资源调度鲁棒优化

为了降低由于应急突发事件随机性带来的应急资源需求不确定性,在对基于Multi-HUB(多枢纽)城际应急管理网络机制研究的基础上,分析基于Multi-HUB城际应急管理网络信息传递和资源调度方式,建立以时间最小为目标的资源优化调度模型并鲁棒性地选择一级HUB点,通过Matlab7.0对优化调度模型及一级HUB点鲁棒性选择进行了数值仿真。研究表明:对Multi-HUB城际应急管理网络中的一级HUB点进行鲁棒性选择,能很好地对"都市圈"内应急资源进行优化调度,降低需求不确定性所带来的"都市圈"内资源无法有效整合的风险,从而有效地提高城市应急资源利用效率。     

某水电站项目部预防处置突发事件和群体性事件应急预案的分析

阐述了预防处置突发事件和群体性事件是保证项目部人身安全的首要任务,详细介绍了葛洲坝集团吉沙水电站项目部在加强预防处置突发事件和群体性事件的工作方法和原则,通过采取预防手段,加强了全体员工的安全防范意识,使各类事件达到可控、能控、在控,树立起确保人身安全是安排各项工作的前提,确保人身安全是保证正常生产的重点,在紧急情况下可起到应急作用,使各类突发事件和群体性事件得到有效的遏制。     

杭州市典型雾霾期污染特征及污染源的HYSPLIT模型分析

为探究杭州市冬春季节大气污染特征与雾霾成因,本文分析了2015年12月—2016年3月市区10个空气质量监测站的PM_(2.5)、SO_2等6种污染物的浓度变化规律,对比了雾霾期和非雾霾期各污染物间的相关性,利用HYSPLIT(Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory)模型探讨了期间5次典型雾霾期污染物的潜在来源.结果表明,研究期内各污染物浓度呈现冬高春低的变化趋势(除O3浓度3月最高),颗粒物和NO_2是主要的超标污染物,其中PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)日均值分别是一级标准的2.2和2.4倍.雾霾期PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2和CO浓度是非雾霾期的2.4、2.3、1.3、1.5和1.6倍,PM_(2.5)与CO的正相关性最强(0.863),远高于NO_2(0.410)和SO_2(0.399),而非雾霾期三者差异不大,表明雾霾期机动车尾气的贡献更为重要.HYSPLIT后向轨迹和浓度权重轨迹CWT(Concentration-Weighted Trajectory)分析结果表明雾霾时期西南(38.3%)、西北(19.1%)方向和近距离输送(27.3%)的气团携带了较多的污染物,远距离输送是污染物的主要来源.研究结果可为长三角的雾霾污染控制提供数据支撑.     

1960-2009年石羊河流域气候变化及极端干湿事件演变特征

利用石羊河流域4个气象站1960-2009年逐日气象资料,应用FAO Penman-Monteith模型、相关分析等方法分析石羊河流域气候变化特点。结果表明:①1960-2009年气温、降水及湿润指数均在波动中呈较明显的增加趋势,气温、降水和湿润指数变化倾向率分别为0.338 ℃/10 a、4.791 mm/10 a 和0.006/10 a, 1960年代-2000年代石羊河流域经历了相对冷干-冷湿-暖湿3个阶段,暖湿化趋势明显;②冬季是暖湿化趋势最明显的季节,其次是秋季;③从上游向中下游多年平均湿润指数逐渐减少,湿润指数离散程度由小变大,湿润化速度由快变慢,而增温速度大体上存在逐渐增加的趋势;④1960-2009年石羊河流域极端干旱事件频率在波动中呈减少趋势,极端湿润事件频率却在波动中呈增加趋势,1960年代和1970年代是石羊河流域极端干旱事件持续频发的年代,上中下游不同地区极端干湿事件持续频发的时间存在差异。降水和风速是影响极端干湿事件变化的主要气象因子。在全球变暖背景下,石羊河流域干旱的气候环境有一定的改善。