油田联合站老化原油成因与脱水方法研究＊

对老化油进行回收再处理,不仅可以使其达到净化油标准出厂销售,同时还可以保障脱水系统的正常运行操作。为此,首先对老化油的组成进行了分析,并对老化油的形成原因展开研究,在此基础上,开展化学破乳与氧化破乳老化油脱水的技术评价。研究结果表明,扶余采油厂老化油含水率平均62.2%,乳化状态稳定,胶体FeS颗粒的大量存在是老化油生成的主要原因,氧化破乳对于老化油脱水更为有效,硝酸-硝酸钾在3%投加量下,老化油的含水率可降至5%以下,达到原油出厂指标。     

人工湿地技术用于污泥的脱水与稳定的研究

在国内首次提出将人工湿地技术用于污水厂剩余污泥的脱水与稳定,进行了实验研究。考察人工湿地的性能,确定最佳工艺。经处理后TN去除率为57．85％;TP去除率为44．03％;COD去除率为78．09％;污泥的体积降低了92．6％。研究结果表明,该技术有效地对剩余污泥进行脱水,从而达到污泥稳定的目的。     

剩余污泥浓缩脱水投药量优化和模型建立

应用高分子阳离子絮凝剂（CPF-100）和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）对污水厂剩余污泥进行浓缩脱水实验,研究表明：CPF-100的浓缩脱水效果优于PAM;当CPF-00投加量为1．16‰时,污泥沉降性能改善程度为37．51％;且在CPF-100投加量逐渐增大的初始阶段,污泥沉降性能改善程度随投加量的增加而增大,但CPF-100投加量也不宜过大,当CPF-100投加量超过1．16‰后,反而会使浓缩脱水效果变差。同时,建立了污泥沉降性能改善程度与絮凝剂CPF-100投加量、沉降时间之间的数学模型,其能较好地反映污水厂剩余污泥的浓缩脱水效果。     

高效脱水霉菌的筛选及其脱水机理分析

用常规分离纯化方法从某池塘底泥筛选分离霉菌,根据菌落颜色和形态特征的不同共分离得到49株菌株。通过剩余污泥脱水实验获得高效脱水霉菌菌株D41,在24 h内使污泥比阻降低49.2%,含水率由最初的82.9%降至78.3%。通过机理研究发现,霉菌D41的投入使剩余污泥中多糖含量降低36.9%,从而改善剩余污泥脱水性能。     

超声波辅助破乳法回收石化罐底油泥中的原油

采用超声波辅助破乳法对安庆石化罐底油泥进行脱水处理,进而回收原油。考察了超声功率、水浴温度、超声时间、破乳剂加入量对油泥脱水率和原油回收率的影响。采用显微镜对处理前后的油泥内部结构进行表征。实验结果表明:在超声频率28 k Hz、超声功率70 W、水浴温度70℃、超声时间15 min、破乳剂加入量50μg/g的最佳超声波辅助破乳条件下,油泥脱水率和原油回收率分别为92.3%和98.5%,比没有超声波辅助的传统破乳法分别提高了25.7百分点和12.3百分点。表征结果显示,经超声波辅助破乳处理后,水滴的粒径和数量均明显减少,说明超声波辐射可有效地改善油泥的破乳效果。     

Production and the application of anaerobic granular sludge produced by landfill

Sludge granulation is considered to be the most critical parameter governing successful operation of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactors. Pre-granulated seeding sludge could greatly reduce the required start-up time. Two lab-scale and a pilot-scale EGSB reactors were operated to treat Shaoxing Wastewater Treatment Plant containing wastewater from real engineering printing and dyeing with high pH and sulfate concentration. The microbiological structure and the particle size distribution in aerobic excess sludge, sanitary landfill sludge digested for one year, and the granular sludge of EGSB reactor after 400 d of operation were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and sieves. The lab-scale EGSB reactor seeded with anaerobic sludge after digestion for one year in landfill showed obviously better total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) removal efficiency than one seeded with aerobic excess sludge after cation polyacrylamide flocculation-concentration and dehydration. The TCOD removed was 470.8 mg/L in pilot scale EGSB reactor at short hydraulic retention time of 15 h. SEM of sludge granules showed that the microbiological structure of the sludge from different sources showed some differences. SEM demonstrated that Methanobacterium sp. was present in the granules of pilot-scale EGSB and the granular sludge produced by landfill contained a mixture of anaerobic/anoxic organisms in abundance. The particle size distribution in EGSB demonstrated that using anaerobic granular sludge produced by sanitary landfill as the seeding granular sludge was feasible.     

含油污泥处理技术方案

阐述了含油污泥处理存在的难点,通过对现有技术的分析,针对某石化厂含油污泥的特点提出了"调质机械脱水、干化减量化、热裂解"3种技术的组合工艺。运行结果表明该工艺能够有效实现含油污泥的减量化和无害化,处理后的含油污泥石油类物质含量低于0.01%,符合SY/T 7301-2016《陆上石油天然气开采含油污泥资源化综合利用及污染控制技术要求》。处理后含油污泥浸出液中重金属含量符合GB5085.3-2007《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》标准。处理约2 000m3含液率85%的含油污泥,回收油品量约100t。     

污泥机械深度脱水方法对比研究

污水经过沉淀处理后会产生大量污泥,必须经过脱水处理,以减少污泥堆置的占地面积。就板框式、带式两种污泥机械深度脱水的工作原理、设备选型以及应用领域等问题进行了对比研究。     

菜场有机垃圾压缩脱水特性实验研究

为优化菜场垃圾压缩及脱水机械设计参数,获取最佳的压强值和垃圾在压缩仓内的保压时间,进行了菜场有机垃圾压缩脱水特性实验研究。通过压缩实验及对数据的分析,提出了有机垃圾压缩转运时的合理压缩强度范围为1.5～2.4 kg/cm2;通过压缩脱水实验及对数据的分析得到:压强一定时,保压时间越长,出水量越大;而保压时间一定时,压强增大,脱水率也增加,但2组数据变化均为非线性。对大白菜的实验表明,其合理的脱水压强和保压时间分别为2.4 kg/cm2和30 s左右。     

Pre-treating biosorbents for purification of bioethanol from aqueous solution

Cost-effective biosorbents made from the byproducts of agriculture, forest, and related industries, such as barley straw, canola meal, and wood sawdust, have significant water adsorption capacity, showing a great potential for selective water removal from bioalcohols to produce fuel grade products. However, there is a challenge that the biosorbents are not stable when they come in contact with aqueous solution. There are organic carbons released from biosorbents to liquid phase, which needs to be addressed before this technology is applied in the industrial purification of bioalcohols. In this work, raw barley straw representing an abundant group of cellulosic materials in the above-mentioned industries was used as a model material. A methodology of chemical and physical treatment was developed to treat barley straw which successfully enhanced the stability and reduced the total organic carbon release from the material into the aqueous solution. In addition, the pre-treated barley straw biosorbent had significantly increased micropores, and the Brunauer--Emmett--Teller surface area favored by water adsorption compared with raw barley straw. It also had higher water uptake and dynamic water adsorption selectivity. The pre-treated barley straw was able to selectively remove water and generate concentrated ethanol.