大气中挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的人为来源研究

在2002年春、夏、秋、冬四季对环境大气中挥发性有机化合物的组成和变化规律进行了研究,在此基础上运用CMB8.0受体模型对各类污染源进行了源解析,得到受体点各人为污染源的年平均贡献率分别为:汽车尾气62%,汽油挥发9%,石油液化气10%,涂料6%,石油化工6%,未知源6%.对不同物种贡献的分析显示,环境大气中的乙烯、苯和甲苯等化合物主要来自于汽车尾气的排放,异戊烷来自于汽油的挥发,石油液化气、涂料、石油化工分别对大气中的异丁烷、正己烷和2,4-二甲基戊烷贡献量最大.     

Occurrence of odor problems in drinking water of major cities across China

A comprehensive investigation into the occur-rence of odor problem at 111 drinking water treatment plants （DWTPs） in major cities across China was undertaken using both flavor profile analysis （FPA） and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Eighty percent of source water samples exhibited odor problems, characterized by earthy/musty （41%） and swampy/septic （36%） odors, while the occurrence rate was lower （45%） in the finished water. Source water from rivers exhibited more pollution-origin odors, such as the swampy/septic odor, while that from lakes and reservoirs exhibited more algae- origin odors, such as earthy/musty odors. The occurrence rate of 2-methylisoborneol （2-MIB） in the surface source water samples was 75%, with 7% of samples containing 2- MIB concentrations of over 10 ng.L-1. The earthy/musty odor in the lake/reservoir water samples was mainly caused by 2-MIB （linear regression coefficient, R2= 0.69）, while the correlation between 2-MIB concentration and the earthy/musty odor intensity samples was weak （R2= 0.35） in the river-source water These results will be useful for the management of odor-quality problems in drinking water of China.     

成都平原区水稻土有机碳剖面分布特征及影响因素

了解环境因素对土壤有机碳剖面分布的影响,是准确拟合土壤有机碳在垂直方向上的连续变化、开展其三维空间分布模拟和估算区域土壤有机碳储量的基础.基于171个土壤剖面采样数据,利用指数递减函数拟合土壤有机碳剖面分布,分析成都平原区水稻土有机碳剖面分布的空间变异特征,并探讨成土母质、土壤类型(亚类和土属)、海拔、与河流距离和土地利用方式对其空间变异的影响作用,进而揭示环境因素对土壤有机碳剖面分布的影响.结果表明,0~20、20~40、40~60和60~100 cm土壤有机碳均值分别为19.42、9.59、5.99和5.20 g·kg-1,表现出显著的剖面递减趋势.土壤有机碳含量主要集中在40 cm以上,占整个土壤剖面的质量分数为72.17%,是研究成都平原区水稻土碳源/汇的关键部分.拟合土壤有机碳剖面分布的指数递减函数的2类参数呈现出一致的空间分布格局,具有空间相关性;参数C和k的块金系数分别为55.400%和47.671%,表明成都平原区水稻土壤有机碳剖面分布受结构性因素和随机性因素共同影响.回归分析揭示,成土母质和土属是影响研究区土壤有机碳剖面分布的主控因素,但海拔、与河流距离和土地利用的作用不容忽视.在拟合成都平原区水稻土有机碳剖面分布、构建其三维空间预测模型和估算土壤有机碳储量时,应重点考虑成土母质和土属的作用.     

我国木器涂料及汽车涂料中挥发性有机物特征

目前,工业源有机溶剂相关的实测型研究在我国鲜见报道,为摸清我国工业源有机溶剂挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)含量及物种情况,提供建立我国工业源有机溶剂使用源排放清单所需的排放因子,选取我国用量均高居全球第一的木器涂料及汽车涂料开展研究.通过到企业采样及市场购买等途径获取涂料样品,按国内涂料相关标准检测方法进行测定,获取涂料中VOCs含量及成分谱,并计算其臭氧生成潜势(ozone formation potential, OFP).结果表明,在木器涂料中,溶剂型、水性和光固化(ultra-violet, UV)涂料的平均VOCs含量(质量分数)分别为37.28%、 9.88%和18.02%.汽车涂料中,水性原厂漆、溶剂型原厂漆、水性修补漆和溶剂型修补漆的平均VOCs含量分别为15.06%、 59.90%、 11.79%和54.50%.不同种类的涂料VOCs含量差异巨大.水性涂料的主要组分及OFP贡献者为醇醚类,溶剂型涂料的为苯系物及酯类,UV涂料的为酯类和醇醚类.涂料样品的均值均可满足现行强制性国家标准,但存在12%的溶剂型木器涂料样品和42...     

Environmental behaviors of selenium in soil of typical selenosis area, China

Daba Mountain area is one of the two endemic selenosis areas in China,which may relate with the environmental behaviors of selenium (Se) in soil.This study focuses on the concentraion and distribution of Se and its relationships with some other elements in natural soil in the area.The average concentration of Se in Daba Mountain soils was 14.3 times higher than the value cited for natural soil background worldwide,suggesting that soils in the region were contaminated by the element.The finding was confir...     

基于UG平台构建三维铝型材挤压模具CAD系统

在UG平台上 ,建立了三维铝型材挤压模具CAD系统 ,可以方便地设计出参数化的铝型材挤压平面模和导流模。系统的设计采用了面向对象的技术 ,具体的程序实现则利用了UGOPEN/API接口和UGOPEN/GRIP语言     

铝型材挤压模具优化设计现状和趋势

简要叙述了铝型材挤压模具设计现状和趋势,说明了数值模拟在铝型材挤压模具设计优化中的意义,并针对国内外对此所做的工作,提出了一些看法.     

The origin of the chemical profiles of fungal symbionts and their significance for nestmate recognition in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acromyrmex</Emphasis> leaf-cutting ants

Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles are essential for nestmate recognition in insect societies, and quantitative variation in these recognition cues is both environmentally and genetically determined. Environmental cues are normally derived from food or nest material, but an exceptional situation may exist in the fungus-growing ants where the symbiotic fungus garden may be an independent source of recognition compounds. To investigate this hypothesis, we quantified the chemical profiles of the fungal symbionts of 18 sympatric colonies of Acromyrmex echinatior and Acromyrmex octospinosus and evaluated the quantitative variation of the 47 compounds in a multivariate analysis. Colony-specific chemical profiles of fungal symbionts were highly distinct and significantly different between the two ant species. We also estimated the relative genetic distances between the fungal symbionts using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and correlated these with the overall (Mahalanobis) chemical distances between the colony-specific profiles. Despite the standardized laboratory conditions, the correlations were generally weak, but a statistically significant portion of the total variation in chemical profiles could be explained by genetic differences between the fungal symbionts. However, there was no significant effect of ant species in partial analyses because genetic differences between symbionts tend to coincide with being reared by different ant species. However, compound groups differed significantly with amides, aldehydes, and methyl esters contributing to the correlations, but acetates, alkanes, and formates being unrelated to genetic variation among symbionts. We show experimentally that workers that are previously exposed to and fed with the fungal symbiont of another colony are met with less aggression when they are later introduced into that colony. It appears, therefore, that fungus gardens are an independent and significant source of chemical compounds, potentially contributing a richer and more abundant blend of recognition cues to the colony “gestalt” than the innate chemical profile of the ants alone. Freddie-Jeanne Richard and Michael Poulsen contributed equally to this work.     

Organic carbon stratification and size distribution of three typical paddy soils from Taihu Lake region, China

Developing realistic soil carbon (C) sequestration strategies for China’s sustainable agriculture relies on accurate estimates of the amount, retention and turnover rates of C stored in paddy soils. Available C estimates to date are predominantly for the tilled and flood-irrigated surface topsoil (ca. 30 cm). Such estimates cannot be used to extrapolate to soil depths of 100 cm since soil organic carbon (SOC) generally shows a sharp decrease with depth. In this research, composite soil samples were collected at several depths to 100 cm from three representative paddy soils in the Taihu Lake region, China. Soil organic carbon distribution in the profiles and in aggregate-size fractions was determined. Results showed that while SOC decreased exponentially with depth to 100 cm, a substantial proportion of the total SOC (30%–40%) is stored below the 30 cm depth. In the carbon-enriched paddy topsoils, SOC was found to accumulate preferentially in the 2–0.25 and 0.25–0.02 mm aggregate size fractions. σ13C analysis of the coarse micro-aggregate fraction showed that the high degree of C stratification in the paddy topsoil was in agreement with the occurrence of lighter @1313C in the upper 30 cm depth. These results suggest that SOC stratification within profiles varies with di erent pedogenetical types of paddy soils with regards to clay and iron oxyhydrates distributions. Sand-sized fractions of aggregates in paddy soil systems may play a very important role in carbon sequestration and turnover, dissimilar to other studied agricultural systems.     

装备统一环境试验条件研究

通过梳理武器装备运输、贮存、发射和飞行等任务环境剖面,分析任务环境剖面对应的环境特征和实测环境数据,研究建立武器装备统一环境试验条件的可行性。研究结果表明,武器装备运输振动、冲击环境以及飞行振动、噪声环境剖面结合实测数据可以建立统一环境试验条件。