A Comparison of the Short-Term Dynamics of Soil “Damage” Due to Enhanced Nitrogen Deposition As Ammonium Sulphate Or Nitric Acid

An experiment has been conducted to contrast the effects of enhanced oxidised and reduced nitrogen deposition upon key chemical parameters in a Calluna moorland podzol. A 40 cm deep podzol profile, derived from granite, was reconstructed in one hundred 4.2 cm diameter cores. for 20 weeks, the cores were subjected twice weekly to simulated rainfall containing either twice ambient nitrogen deposition in Aberdeen, or further enhanced nitrogen (further 2- and 6-fold increases) as nitric acid or ammonium sulphate. to quantify the dynamics of soil change in each horizon, randomly selected cores were destructively analysed every two weeks and the soils analysed. Increased nitrogen inputs, regardless of form, substantially and immediately reduced surface soil pH_water via the mobile anion or salt effect. for the higher nitrogen treatments, the pH reduction was seen throughout the profile. Longer term soil acidification was also seen in the pH_{calcium chloride} results over the 20 weeks. at a given nitrogen deposition rate, the effects of ammonium sulphate and nitric acid on soil pH_{calcium chloride} were similar. the ammonium sulphate treatments were especially effective at reducing base saturation throughout much of the profile, the direct base cation leaching being associated with substantial ammonium accumulation. the results suggest that the direct base cation leaching caused by ammonium deposition needs to be considered when assessing atmospheric pollution “damage” to heathland soils.     

某湖滨路拓宽改造工程的稳定性分析及处理方案研究

针对某湖滨路的拓宽改造工程,选取地基土层最不利的断面进行数值模拟,并采用强度折减法研究其整体稳定性。数值分析结果表明,加宽后的新路基稳定性较差,安全储备不能满足要求,需要采取加固措施。对初步设计提出的仅采用土工格栅和采用土工格栅+水泥搅拌桩这两种不同加固处理方案进行了数值分析。计算结果表明,相比仅采用土工格栅,采用土工格栅+水泥搅拌桩进行软基处理可以有效地减小不均匀沉降、提高路堤的整体稳定性。本文的实例研究可供类似工程参考和借鉴。     

PVC塑料型材老化试验与思考

本文针对PVC塑料型材老化现象,从引起PVC塑料型材老化的基本观点、人工老化试验、不同地区气候老化影响、老化导致变色的影响因素等方面进行了讨论,提出了解决PVC塑料型材老化现象意见.     

长江河口中央沙位移变化与南北港分流口稳定性研究

中央沙位于长江口南北港分流口河段，这一河段集中了宝钢等一批重要码头，下游有长兴岛造船基地和长江口深水航道等重点工程，因此分流口保持稳定至关重要。以1870年中央沙出现雏形以来的海图为基础资料，利用ArcGIS等GIS软件，研究了中央沙发育演变的位移变化及其典型剖面特征，发现中央沙的变化特点是在长期径流作用下后退和承接上游底沙下泄发生上提的“下移-上提-再下移……”的周期性演变规律。再进一步对南北港分流口各个沙洲近10年来面积和体积进行计算，结合实测水文资料对通道演变进行了分析，认为现阶段长江口南北港分流口处于不稳定时期，应尽早实施分流口整治工程，稳定河势、滩势和减小底沙下泄对下游的威胁.     

Predicting flooding probability for beach/dune systems

The determination of the risk from flooding that shorefront communities face is an important component of coastal management that has not been resolved successfully. Wave runup offers one way of quantifying the risk of coastal flooding that results from overtopping by storm waves. The calculation of runup probabilities uses wave frequency analysis and an average beach/dune profile for a given shoreline segment. The amount of risk is determined by using a runup probability curve for specific shoreline locations within the segment. The procedure is demonstrated using the New Jersey shoreline as an example, and results indicate a higher degree of risk in the southern part of the state. Although the procedure is attractive, there is a need for additional field research to test: (1) the accuracy of the calculation procedure; (2) the applicability of a design profile for a shoreline segment; and (3) whether a non-storm beach/dune profile may be used in the calculation. In terms of the broader subject of coastal hazards, these runup calculations need to be integrated with research on beach erosion to provide a comprehensive assessment of the risk at specific locations.     

长期施肥对稻田不同土层反硝化细菌丰度的影响

为了探讨长期施肥对稻田不同土层关键反硝化功能种群丰度的影响及核心驱动因子,以湖南宁乡长期施肥定位试验田为平台,选取不施肥（CK）、全量化肥（NPK）和秸秆还田（ST）3个处理,结合实时荧光定量PCR（qPCR）技术,系统分析了稻田不同土层（0~10,10~20,20~30,30~40cm）关键反硝化功能基因（narG、nirK和nirS）的丰度及其与土壤理化性质的内在联系.结果表明,相比于不施肥处理（CK）,施肥处理（NPK和ST）在0~40cm土层土壤SOC、TN、NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N和Olsen-P分别显著增加了2.2%~83.6%,3.5%~58.3%,70.8%~222.1%,0.9%~83.7%和16.5%~94.5%,pH值下降了0.31~0.67个单位;长期施用化肥和秸秆使narG、nirK和nirS基因丰度分别增加0.75~7.18倍,1.57~3.02倍和0.53~3.81倍,其中秸秆还田对反硝化细菌数量的影响比单施化肥更显著;稻田narG、nirK和nirS反硝化型细菌的丰度随土层深度增加而逐渐降低,具有明显的垂直分布特征;RDA分析结果显示,土壤养分如SOC和TN是影响水稻土narG、nirK和nirS反硝化型细菌垂直分布的关键因子,而pH值是调控反硝化细菌在稻田底土分布的核心驱动因子.研究结果可为提升稻田土壤肥力和减少稻田氮素损失和温室气体排放提供理论依据.     

有机碳含量对土壤剖面中多环芳烃纵向迁移的影响

为探索有机碳含量对土壤剖面中多环芳烃(PAHs)纵向迁移的影响,选取北京地区3条有机碳(TOC)含量明显不同的土壤剖面进行了土柱淋滤实验研究.结果表明,通过30 d(相当于北京地区3年的淋滤水量)的淋滤实验后,不同剖面中PAHs均存在不同程度的迁移现象,但剖面中残留的PAHs仍然主要富集在土柱表层0～30 cm土壤中,且中高环数PAHs的残留率明显高于低环数PAHs.TOC含量与PAHs的残留总量之间具有显著的正相关性,TOC含量越高,PAHs残留量越高.此外,TOC对不同环数PAHs迁移的影响程度存在差别,高环数PAHs受TOC变化的影响高于低环数PAHs.     

曝气参数对短程硝化的影响及氮素等高线分析

采用间歇曝气SBR工艺处理实际生活污水,在温度为（26±0.5）℃,pH值为（7.2±0.2）时,考察曝气强度和曝气密度两种曝气参数对实现稳定短程硝化的影响,设计批次试验采用等高线及其剖面图探究NH₄⁺-N去除率（ARE）和NO₂^--N积累率（NiAR）.结果表明：控制曝气密度为12时,高曝气强度（2L/（L×h））下,可实现67.10%的ARE和95%的NiAR;控制曝气强度为2L/（L×h）,在曝气密度分别为6、8和12时,ARE分别在40、37、22周期达到71.40%、52.36%和59.60%,NiAR分别增大至98.94%、96.72%和98.20%.对批次试验结果进行等高线分析,曝气强度和曝气密度均会对ARE和NiAR有影响,在曝气强度为和曝气密度分别为2L/（L×h）和15时,ARE和NiAR分别高达77%和99%.     

基于排放清单和实地测试的工业VOCs排放特征:以郑州市高新区为例

基于本地污染源调查,同时对重点工业行业进行实地采样测试,建立了郑州市高新区工业VOCs排放清单及组分清单,并评估了 VOCs各组分的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAp).结果表明,2017年郑州市高新区工业源VOCs排放总量为4 566.0 t,橡胶和塑料制品业、设备制造业和有色金属业是排放量最大的3个行业,排放量分别为1 924.2、1 396.3和813.4 t;各VOCs组分中,烷烃占比最大(40.9％),其次是含氧VOCs(32.2％)和芳香烃(20.3％);异丙醇、正十二烷、甲苯、甲基环己烷和丙酮是排放量最大的5种物质;OFP总量为8 753.8 t,最大贡献源和VOCs种类分别为设备制造业和芳香烃;SOAp总量为643.0 t,贡献较大的排放源为设备制造业和铝箔制造业,烷烃和芳香烃是两种主要贡献组分.     

Wheat straw return can lead to biogenic toluene emissions

As a common practice in agricultural system, straw return has been reported to release a large number of trace gases and attracted much attention. However, the role of straw return in toluene emission remains poorly understood. In this study we measured the emissions of toluene as well as other 50 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from wheat straw return for 66 days under flooded and non-flooded conditions, respectively. The results showed that substantial toluene was released from the returned ...