城市污水处理厂的挥发性恶臭有机物组成及来源

采用GDX-502采样管和二次热解吸与GC-MSD联用仪研究广州一个典型城市污水处理厂不同污水处理单元和周边环境空气中挥发性恶臭有机物(MVOC)的组成和含量,通过对源排放特征、分子标志物和大气化学活性分析,建立该污水处理厂的MVOC源成分谱.结果表明,该污水处理厂检出烷烃、卤代烃、烯烃、芳香烃、含氧有机物和硫醚等6类40种挥发性有机物(VOC),其中34种为MVOC成分,各处理单元排放的MVOC含量占其VOC总量的95%以上;苯系物、2-丁酮、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯和甲硫醚等为该污水处理厂重要的MVOC分子标志物,其中苯系物的含量最高,占源排放MVOC总量的75.89%;经归一化和重整的MVOC源成分谱与环境受体点的MVOC组成之间具有显著相关性.     

黄土高原沟壑区小流域不同地形下土壤性质分布特征

地形条件是影响黄土高原地区土壤性质分布的主要因素,研究不同地形条件下土壤性质的分布是合理评价黄土区土壤质量状况的重要前提。论文研究了黄土高原沟壑区小流域地形条件对土壤性质剖面分布的影响,结果表明土壤硝态氮、速效磷、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶为高度变异的土壤性质;pH值和过氧化氢酶为小变异土壤性质。塬面和沟道土壤pH值和过氧化氢酶活性较低,阳离子交换量较高。土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性在土壤剖面随土层深度的增加逐渐降低,且均表现为塬面>梯田>坡地>沟道的趋势。不同地形条件下土壤pH值的变化由地形条件引起的土壤过程及硝态氮在土壤中的累积引起;阳离子交换量的变化由成土过程、pH值和有机质的差异引起;土壤有机质及氮、磷养分的差异由与地形条件对应的土地利用方式引起;土壤酶活性的差异则是有机质的差异引起的。     

A performance comparison between nonlinear similarity functions in bulk parameterization for very stable conditions

Three sets of nonlinear similarity functions for strong stability are selected to compare their performance in bulk parameterization. To uncover their advantages and disadvantages, theoretical and measurement analyses are made with four profile metrics and the Deacon number technique. Main disadvantages include the negligence of the different transfer efficiency between momentum and heat, the flux cutoff due to the upper limit in gradient Richardson number (Ri) and the ignorance of limited stability range where the dimensionless gradient functions ( and ) approach constants. Accordingly, three suggestions are made for future improvement. First, the functions for wind velocity and potential temperature should have the same function form, but with different coefficients. Second, and should approach constants only within a certain stability range. Third, the limit value in Ri should be avoided to widen their applicability in flux modeling. Furthermore, quantitative comparisons in transfer coefficients for moment and sensible heat (C _D and C _H) are made among the similarity functions in the bulk Richardson number (Ri _B) range 0 < Ri _B < 1. Generally, significant discrepancy is found, which may approach a factor of two and three at large Ri _B in C _D and C _H, respectively. Finally, a new recommendation is made to one of the three sets, mainly because of its ability to predict C _D and C _H that decrease rather slowly in very stable conditions.     

利用SAGE Ⅱ卫星资料分析青藏高原上空臭氧垂直廓线

利用1985-2002年SAGE Ⅱ卫星资料获取青藏高原地区上空大气臭氧垂直廓线,分析其变化规律.结果表明:①卫星资料与地面臭氧探空资料有很好的一致性;②青藏高原上空大气臭氧垂直廓线存在南北间的差异和季节变化,夏秋季臭氧廓线极大值出现的位置比冬春季高出1～2 km(高原南部)和2～3 km(高原北部);③臭氧数浓度在10～20 km的高度存在明显季节和南北区域差异;④与同纬度其他地区的平均值相比,夏季(6-9月)臭氧低值主要出现在15～20 km的高原对流层顶附近,最低值出现在18 km附近,而冬季这种差异相对较小.      

上海PM2.5工业源谱的建立

总结统计了我国目前的PM2.5源成分谱,指出我国本土源谱缺乏的现状.我国主要的污染源类如燃煤源、机动车源、道路尘、生物质燃烧源等,在源解析工作中均有借鉴外来源谱的情况.对上海典型工业污染源进行PM2.5源谱测定.研究发现,混合燃料电厂和燃煤电厂主要化学组分相似,但是Ca、Al、Fe在混合燃料电厂排放中贡献更大,Ca占(8.0±4.7)%,而燃煤电厂排放颗粒物中SO42-的贡献可达(23.3%±3.7%).烧结厂和电炉厂的源谱差距较大,烧结厂中SO42- (22.8%±10.0%)、Cl- (20.0%±4.5%)、K (17.2%±8.5%)、OC(13.0%±11.5%)、Ca(12.7%±4.2%)等物种贡献较大,而电炉厂中Fe(38.2% ±0.6%)、Zn(10.4% ±1.2%)等物种含量丰富.不同源类化学组分的显著差异与其工艺过程紧密相关.     

Subacute chlorpyrifos-induced alterations in serum lipids and some oxidative stress biomarkers in male Wistar rats: beneficial effect of acetyl-L-carnitine

The present study evaluated the beneficial effect of acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) on subacute chlorpyrifos (CPF)-induced alterations in serum lipid profiles and some biomarkers of oxidative stress in Wistar rats. Twenty-eight adult male rats divided into four groups of seven animals each (group I–IV) were used: I (S/oil) received soya oil (2 ml kg^?1), II (ALC) received ALC (300 mg kg^?1); III (CPF) received CPF (8.5 mg kg^?1 ～ 1/10th LD₅₀); IV (ALC+CPF) was pretreated with ALC (300 mg kg^?1) and then exposed to CPF (8.5 mg kg^?1), 30 min later. The treatment was orally for 28 days duration. Sera obtained from blood samples were evaluated for the levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). The levels of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c), very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-c), and atherogenic index (AI) were calculated. The result showed that elevated levels of TG, TC, LDL-c, VLDL-c, AI, and MDA, and the decreased levels of HDL-c, CAT, and SOD induced by CPF were modulated by ALC. It was concluded that ALC ameliorated the alterations in serum lipid and oxidative stress induced by CPF exposure in the rats, partly through its antioxidant properties.     

Diurnal Profile of Particle-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (pPAH) Concentration in Urban Environment in Tokyo Metropolitan Area

Traffic emits particles under 1 m. The particles arethe most responsible to particle-bound polycyclic aromatichydrocarbon (pPAH) which can impact human health. To assessthem as health hazards, we monitored diurnal changes in theconcentration and distribution of pPAH near roads in Tokyo.The total pPAH concentration was determined using aphotoelectric aerosol sensor (PAS) which ionized PAH-adsorbingparticles. The total pPAH concentration was compared withchemical analyses by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS). Two sampling sessions, one in August and one inSeptember 2000, were done at three sampling sites at the Hongo Campus of the University of Tokyo. Monitoring was every two minutes for six consecutive days for the first session and for seven consecutive days for the second session.Correlation of the pPAH concentration with traffic flow andwith meteorological conditions were also assessed. The pPAHconcentration varied in the same manner on all days: it sharplyincreased in the early morning by a sudden burden of traffic, and it rapidly decreased during the daytime, probably owing tophotodegradation and/or dilution by rising in the mixingzone. The local wind field, and consequently thetransportation of pPAH from the road, were stronglyinfluenced by the configuration and location of thesurrounding buildings. The pPAH clearly changed in 1- and0.5 day cycles, particularly at the roadside.     

Metabolic and Environmental Control on Methane Emission from Soils: Mechanistic Studies of Mesotrophic Fen in West Siberia

The biological mechanisms regulating methane emission fromnatural wetlands are the focus of this article. A novel techniqueprovides estimates of the distribution of CH₄ sources withinan undisturbed soil profile by recording the transient gasdynamics after soil enclosure by deep (50 cm) chamber. Thecombined use of conventional surface and soil chambers across a200-m fen transect allowed us to relate the observed methaneemission to its instant generation and uptake. Surprisingly, themethane generation was relatively constant (9–12 mg CH₄-C hr^-1 m^-2) and highly variable net emission (0.2–20 mg CH₄-C hr^-1 m^-2) was closely correlated (r = –0.809)with methane uptake. In laboratory incubations, CH₄ uptakefollowed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Added chloride and nitrateirrespective of the cation's nature suppressed uptake as a strongnoncompetitive inhibitors (K _i 0.5 mM). The methaneformation turned out to be unstable and under anaerobicincubation, the formation of CH₄, CO₂ andH₂displayed sustained weekly oscillations. We conclude that effectsof environmental factors alone are not sufficient topredict the variation in emission, which depends also on metabolic control of respective soil organisms. The multitude ofsuch controls is dependent on diversity of respective soilorganisms and could be grouped into a limited number ofcategories considerably simplifying large-scale simulations.     

基于任务剖面的机载外挂温度试验条件探讨

目的获取一种合理的温度试验条件用以考核机载外挂对温度环境的适应性。方法针对影响机载外挂温度的自然或诱发环境因素,分别分析自然环境、气动加热以及设备工作发热的三种典型因素的不同特点,并结合机载外挂的空中挂飞使用状态,给出相应的温度计算方法。结果通过对某载机的典型任务剖面的计算,指出了现有机载外挂基于地面使用温度制定的试验条件无法完全覆盖空中挂飞时的温度环境,并由此提出了基于任务剖面的温度试验条件,以更好地考核机载外挂温度环境适应性。结论给出了一种用于考核机载外挂温度环境适应性的温度试验条件及其计算方法。     

碳酸盐岩风化形成的土壤剖面上氟的分布及影响因素

选择贵州省新蒲、平坝和罗吏地区的3个碳酸盐岩原地就位风化成土剖面为研究对象,通过对剖面土壤中氟形态、矿物组成、主量地球化学元素和理化性质等的测定实验,讨论了土壤剖面中氟的赋存形态、分布特征及与影响机制。结果表明:罗吏、平坝和新蒲3个剖面残渣态氟含量分别介于896~1 667 mg/kg、897~2 827 mg/kg和1 386~2 852 mg/kg之间,均占各剖面总氟含量的98%以上,3个碳酸盐岩风化形成的土壤剖面中氟主要为残渣结合态;除罗吏剖面外,其它几个剖面吸附性强的无定形铁铝氧化物、结晶态铁铝氧化物与氟含量皆无显著中度以上正相关,有机碳甚至在三个剖面中和氟显著负相关,表明吸附作用对氟富集的贡献有限;次生粘土矿物是氟的主要载体,且主要以残渣态的形式存在于粘土矿物的晶格中,但氟含量与粘粒含量相关性并不显著;采用SPSS软件对氟与各种理化性质进行多元逐步回归分析,回归方程表明镁对氟富集具有重要作用。