In vitro approaches to assess bioavailability and human gastrointestinal mobilization of food-borne polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

This study reports on the potential for gastrointestinal (GI) mobilization and bioavailability of food-borne PCBs in humans. The development and validation of a GI simulator and operational protocols, developed in compliance with the requirements of German DIN 19738 risk assessment test procedure, are presented. Food, naturally contaminated with PCBs, was homogenized with simulated saliva fluid and shaken in the GI simulator with simulated gastric fluids (containing pepsin, mucine) for 2 h at 37°C. Afterwards, the simulated intestinal fluids (containing pepsin, mucine, trypsin, pancreatin, bile) were added and the mixture shaken for a further 6 h prior to centrifugation and filtration using Buchner funnels to separate the undigested GI residues from GI fluids. PCBs were recovered from GI residues and fluids by Soxhlet and liquid-liquid extraction respectively, cleaned up using silica-SFE, and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry detection (GC-MSD). Detailed studies with fish indicate variations in mobilization and bioavailability of Σ PCBs (28, 52, 101, 118, 153, 138 and 180). For example, the bioavailable fractions (fractions mobilized) in mackerel, salmon, crab and prawn were 0.77, 0.60, 0.54, and 0.72 respectively of the Σ PCBs initially present in these food samples. The bioavailable fraction was dependent on the physicochemical characteristics of the PCBs. In mackerel bioavailable fractions for individual PCB congeners ranged from 0.47–0.82, from 0.30–0.70 in salmon, 0.44–0.64 in crab and in prawn from 0.47–0.77. Future studies will focus on understanding better, the variability in bioavailable fractions to be expected for different foodstuffs, in addition to tissue culture techniques using human gut cell lines to investigate a simultaneous mobilization and absorption of food-borne PCBs.     

固定化斜生栅藻净化畜禽废水中氨氮和磷的影响因素

为探讨Cu2+、p H和流速对固定化斜生栅藻去除畜禽废水中NH+4-N、TP效果的影响,在实验室条件下模拟实际污水处理过程,并采用正交实验方案对结果进行分析。结果表明低质量浓度Cu2+(0~0.05 mg/L)改善藻的净化效果,高质量浓度Cu2+(0.50~5.00 mg/L)抑制藻的净化效果;在p H较高的条件下(p H=9),固定化斜生栅藻的净化效果明显提高;流速对结果没有明显影响。通过正交实验,得出固定化斜生栅藻去除畜禽废水中NH+4-N、TP的优化条件如下:Cu2+质量浓度为0.05 mg/L,p H为9,流速为0.3 m/s。此时NH+4-N去除率为96.11%,TP去除率为97.53%。     

Chlorophenols in lake bottom sediments: A retrospective study of drinking water contamination

Lake and brook bottom sediments were analyzed for chlorophenols to provide historical data of exposure assessment, after the water intake plant of a Finnish village had been found to be contaminated in 1987, and subsequently elevated non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk was detected. Highly elevated 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol levels were found in all four lake sediment cores investigated. The distribution was uneven with much higher concentrations in the estuary, in contrast to PCB compounds which were more evenly distributed within the basin. The inlet origin of the chlorophenols in the sediments was further supported by the regional distribution pattern of these compounds in the sediment and water along transects of the inlet and its tributaries. The composition of chlorophenol congeners in the sediments was similar to that in a commercial fungicide used by a local sawmill, but different from other sediment analyses reported in Finland, also implying a local source. Dating of three cores by Pb-210 and soot ball chronology indicated that the contamination of the watercourse started in the early 1970s at the latest but possibly earlier. This would provide the latency time required for tumour appearance in the 1970s and 1980s.     

城市餐厨垃圾前处理的工艺优化

为提高餐厨垃圾资源化,利用自动化分选设备组合处理餐厨垃圾,考察餐厨垃圾快速减量化和资源化的可行性,对自动化分选前后餐厨垃圾成分进行分析,发现分选前其总量为243.05 t·d-1,TS为12.69%,VS为93.26%,分选后总量为242.00 t·d-1,TS为10.97%,VS为91.93%,其有机物含量稳定,利于厌氧发酵处理的工艺控制;对分选后餐厨垃圾进行厌氧发酵处理,考察其pH和NH4+-N变化,发现反应初期pH值出现弱酸性,NH4+-N浓度较低;随着反应进行,pH稳定在7.6~7.8,NH4+-N浓度约为1 200 mg·L-1左右。最后对厌氧发酵产气量进行考察发现,反应前期受到pH、NH4+-N以及温度等反应条件影响,产气量和甲烷含量较低;随着实验趋于稳定,产气量为22 000 m3·d-1左右,甲烷含量范围在65%~72%。结果表明,使用新型餐厨垃圾预处理设备,其分选效率较高,能提高后续厌氧发酵产气量和甲烷含量,较大程度实现餐厨垃圾资源化。     

TiO2、BiVO4、Cu2O光催化降解低浓度甲醛

比较研究了3种（TiO2,BiVO4,Cu2O）光催化剂对低浓度甲醛的降解过程,拟通过结构分析（晶粒尺寸、比表面积、禁带宽度）和实验评价其性能优劣,优选出光催化性能较好的材料。通过结构分析和降解甲醛实验发现,甲醛初始浓度较低时,BiVO4降解率优于其他,随甲醛浓度增加,催化剂降解率均呈上升趋势,TiO2-1（T-1）、TiO2-2（T-2）降解率增加显著。随环境湿度增大,降解率先上升后下降,BiVO4-1（B-1）、BiVO4-2（B-2）降解率下降的较为缓慢。同一物质当晶粒尺寸越小比表面积越大,其降解率越好。T-2比B-1有更好的稳定性。分析认为在较低甲醛浓度时,决定光催化降解率的主要因素是催化剂的表面反应速率。随着甲醛初始浓度的增加,吸附脱附成为主要限制步骤。随环境湿度增加,甲醛降解率先上升后下降,具有较小比表面积的BiVO4降解甲醛效率下降不显著。连续的工作产生甲醛分解副产物,不易堵塞具有大比表面积的T-2的活性位点,所以T-2有更好的稳定性。     

Dechlorination of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in the sediment of Ise Bay

The relation between dechlorination activities of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and anaerobic microbial activity were studied in the sediment collected at three sites in Ise Bay in Japan. The degradation rate of spiked 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (3nmol ml⁻¹) ranged from 15 to 35 pmol day⁻¹ ml⁻¹ wet sediment and about 1/3 to 1/2 of degraded the trichlorobenzene was recovered as dechlorinated products. Among the dichlorobenzenes, the 1,2-isomer had the highest and 1,3-isomer had the lowest production rate. Comparing the three sampling sites, the trichlorobenzene degradation and dichlorobenzenes production rates were related to the sulfate reducing activity for the unit number of sulfate reducing bacteria. Production rates of dichlorobenzenes were completely inhibited by adding molybdate (20 mM), nitrate (60 mM), and formaldehyde solution (4 %). These results indicated that dechlorination activity in the Ise Bay sediment was supported by sulfate reduction activity in the sediment, and not supported by any other anaerobic microbial activity.     

强化混凝组合工艺处理微污染水源水研究

采用静态烧杯实验考察了强化混凝组合工艺解决某水厂出水COD_(Mn)、色度及铝含量超标的问题。结果表明,高锰酸盐与次氯酸钠联合预氧化,配合使用少量黏土、粉末活性炭混合物强化混凝,可以在氯化物不超标的情况下,使出水COD_(Mn)、色度及铝含量得到有效控制。     

毛竹遗态 Fe2O3／Fe3O4／C 复合材料对水中锑（III）的吸附研究

以毛竹遗态Fe2 O3／Fe3 O4／C复合材料为吸附剂,锑（III ）初始含量、溶液初始pH值、吸附剂投加量以及吸附剂粒径为影响因素开展吸附影响研究。结果表明,随着锑（III ）初始浓度的升高,毛竹遗态Fe2 O3／Fe3 O4／C复合材料对锑（III ）的吸附量逐渐增加;初始溶液pH为7时,对锑（III ）的吸附效果最好,吸附量为4．7821 mg／g;块状吸附剂对水中锑（III ）的去除率和吸附量与粉末状吸附剂吸附效果相当。     

基于多因素分析的玻璃行业员工不安全行为研究

采用问卷调查、信效度分析和因子分析等方法,研究玻璃行业不安全行为影响因素,研究结果表明：玻璃行业员工不安全行为主要包括车间照明、PPE佩戴等18个影响因素指标;根据方差分析结果将影响因素归结为工作环境与行为要求（F₁）、安全教育与培训（F₂）、群体与组织行为影响（F₃）和激励沟通与奖惩（F₄）等4个主因子,其方差解释率分别为32%、12%、10%、10%,权重分别为0.51、0.19、0.15、0.15;根据分析结果针对性提出“4+1”安全管理模式,为玻璃行业降低不安全行为几率、保障安全生产提供理论依据。     

DBD结构对船用LNG发动机尾气CH4氧化脱除的影响

为提高等离子体氧化CH₄的脱除效率,同时避免放电过程中副产物NO_x的生成,在模拟天然气 (LNG) 发动机排气中,研究了介质阻挡放电 (DBD) 反应器电极结构参数对CH₄脱除效率、CO₂选择性及NO_x生成的影响及其机理。结果表明：增大电极直径使得气隙中折合场强E/N提高,增加了·O和·OH自由基的生成,促进了CH₄的氧化,提高了CO₂选择性;内电极直径的增大使E/N在气隙中分布更加集中,抑制了N₂(X, v)和N自由基的生成,减少了副反应的发生。与圆杆电极相比,螺纹电极的螺牙顶部附近具有过高的电场强度,从而促进N自由基的生成并抑制·O自由基的产生,故圆杆电极比螺纹电极具有更高的CH₄脱除效率及更低的NO_x生成。电极长度过长降低了折合场强以及电子平均能量,不利于氧化性活性粒子生成,导致CH₄脱除效率和CO₂选择性降低,同时增加了N₂(X,v) ,也使得NO_x增加。本研究可为提高低温等离子体协同催化剂促进甲烷还原NO_x系统的脱除效率,降低DBD反应器能耗提高能源利用率提供参考。