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41.
The synthetic analogue of a bacterially produced polyester, poly(-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) was synthesized from racemic -butyrolactone using anin situ trimethyl aluminum-water catalyst. The polymer was fractionated into samples differing in molecular weight and isotactic diad content. The latter was closely related to degree of crystallinity. The biodegradation of these fractions were examined by monitoring mass loss over time in the presence of anAlcaligenes faecalis T1 extracellular bacterial poly(-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase. The fraction with high isotactic diad tacticity content showed little or no degradation over a 50 hour incubation period, whereas the fraction of intermediate isotactic diad content degraded in a continuous steady fashion at a rate that was less than that for bacterial PHB. The low isotactic diad fraction underwent a rapid initial degradation, followed by no further mass loss. The presence of stereoblocks in the polymer structure of the various fractions was an influence on the degree of susceptibility towards degradation and is related to sample crystallinity.  相似文献   
42.
城市垃圾甲烷气体排放及减排对策   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
本文讲述了城市垃圾的现状以及影响垃圾甲烷排放的各种因素,并根据IPCCGuidelines(1995)提供的方法对1990~2010年江浙沪地区城市垃圾甲烷排放量的变化趋势进行了预测统计计算,1990年江浙沪地区城市垃圾甲烷排放量为7123万吨,2010年预测的甲烷排放量为26676万吨,本文就垃圾中甲烷的排放提出了切实可行的减排方案。  相似文献   
43.
UV/O3复合降解水中2,4-二氯酚的试验研究   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
以紫外光源为主要依托,变换反应器中的不同工艺条件,分别对紫外光、臭氧和紫外/臭氧三种不同于工艺条件对水中污染物2,4-二氯酚(2 ,4-DCP)的降解规律进行研究.结果表明,UV/O3复合对2,4-DCP的降解较UV、O3单独作用效果好;溶液的酸碱度影响UV/O3对2 ,4-DCP的降解;此外,溶液中含有细菌时,E. coli的杀灭效果仍表现为UV/O3>O3>UV.细菌的杀灭和2,4-DCP的降解均消耗羟基自由基,形成竞争反应,从而影响到2,4-DCP的降解效果.  相似文献   
44.
红外光度法测定石油类和动植物油常见问题探讨   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
根据石油类在波数为2930cm-1、2960 cm-1、3030 cm-1全部或部分谱带处有物征吸收的原理,采用红外光度测油仪和水样絮凝富集技术测定石油类、动植物油。  相似文献   
45.
陈安  周丹 《安全》2019,40(7):16-23
本文为了增加对突发事件的科学认识,提升应急管理的能力水平,首先对突发事件和应急管理的内在机理进行剖析。通过分阶段、划层次地构建"4L-5S"机理分析模型,将二者划归为统一体系,以理清其逻辑内涵;然后,为顺应时代发展特征,满足应急管理的更高要求,实现应急管理工作从非常态协同应对转为常态化职能管理,对现代应急管理体制加以总体设计。从而,突发事件机理体系设计使得我国的突发事件机理研究逐渐过渡至具有阶段性和层次性,现代应急管理体制设计使得我国应急管理整合出具备现代思维理念的逻辑框架。  相似文献   
46.
Understanding human perspectives is critical in a range of conservation contexts, for example, in overcoming conflicts or developing projects that are acceptable to relevant stakeholders. The Q methodology is a unique semiquantitative technique used to explore human perspectives. It has been applied for decades in other disciplines and recently gained traction in conservation. This paper helps researchers assess when Q is useful for a given conservation question and what its use involves. To do so, we explained the steps necessary to conduct a Q study, from the research design to the interpretation of results. We provided recommendations to minimize biases in conducting a Q study, which can affect mostly when designing the study and collecting the data. We conducted a structured literature review of 52 studies to examine in what empirical conservation contexts Q has been used. Most studies were subnational or national cases, but some also address multinational or global questions. We found that Q has been applied to 4 broad types of conservation goals: addressing conflict, devising management alternatives, understanding policy acceptability, and critically reflecting on the values that implicitly influence research and practice. Through these applications, researchers found hidden views, understood opinions in depth and discovered points of consensus that facilitated unlocking difficult disagreements. The Q methodology has a clear procedure but is also flexible, allowing researchers explore long‐term views, or views about items other than statements, such as landscape images. We also found some inconsistencies in applying and, mainly, in reporting Q studies, whereby it was not possible to fully understand how the research was conducted or why some atypical research decisions had been taken in some studies. Accordingly, we suggest a reporting checklist.  相似文献   
47.
Abundance estimates are essential for assessing the viability of populations and the risks posed by alternative management actions. An effort to estimate abundance via a repeated mark‐recapture experiment may fail to recapture marked individuals. We devised a method for obtaining lower bounds on abundance in the absence of recaptures for both panmictic and spatially structured populations. The method assumes few enough recaptures were expected to be missed by random chance. The upper Bayesian credible limit on expected recaptures allows probabilistic statements about the minimum number of individuals present in the population. We applied this method to data from a 12‐year survey of pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) in the lower and middle Mississippi River (U.S.A.). None of the 241 individuals marked was recaptured in the survey. After accounting for survival and movement, our model‐averaged estimate of the total abundance of pallid sturgeon ≥3 years old in the study area had a 1%, 5%, or 25% chance of being <4,600, 7,000, or 15,000, respectively. When we assumed fish were distributed in proportion to survey catch per unit effort, the farthest downstream reach in the survey hosted at least 4.5–15 fish per river kilometer (rkm), whereas the remainder of the reaches in the lower and middle Mississippi River hosted at least 2.6–8.5 fish/rkm for all model variations examined. The lower Mississippi River had an average density of pallid sturgeon ≥3 years old of at least 3.0–9.8 fish/rkm. The choice of Bayesian prior was the largest source of uncertainty we considered but did not alter the order of magnitude of lower bounds. Nil‐recapture estimates of abundance are highly uncertain and require careful communication but can deliver insights from experiments that might otherwise be considered a failure.  相似文献   
48.
杨春丽 《安全》2020,(2):48-54
N2和CO2是常用的惰性抑爆气体,为研究两种气体的抑爆特性,采用20L球形爆炸试验装置,分析了不同浓度配比条件下N2/CH4/空气以及CO2/CH4/空气混合气体的爆炸压力,同时采集爆炸后的气体样品,对比分析爆炸后残留气体的主要成分。结果显示:随CH4浓度从5%增加至12.5%时,完全抑制CH4爆炸需要的惰性气体最小量先增大后降低,CH4浓度在6.5%~7.5%之间时,抑爆需要的惰性气体的量最大;在同一CH4浓度条件下,抑爆需要N2的量大于CO2,并且CH4浓度在5%~6.5%时,抑爆需要两种惰性气体的量值差别最大;当CH4浓度一定时,随着加入惰性气体量的增大,爆炸最大超压逐渐降低,惰性气体浓度和爆炸超压之间基本呈线性关系;在同样条件下,相对于N2,CO2为抑爆气体时,爆炸后腔体内残留的CH4浓度较高。研究成果为惰性气体抑爆技术提供技术支撑,同时为揭示惰性气体抑爆机理有一定作用。  相似文献   
49.
肖芃颖  张代钧  卢培利 《环境科学》2016,37(12):4734-4740
运行实验室规模单级硝化序批式反应器(SBR),研究长期外加微量N_2H_4(约3 mg·L~(-1))对硝化污泥中功能微生物好氧氨氧化菌(AOB)、亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的影响.结果表明,外加微量N_2H_4的硝化污泥中,AOB主要属于亚硝化球菌(Nitrosococcu)属和亚硝化单胞菌(Nitrosomonas)属,另有少部分属于亚硝化螺旋菌(Nitrosospira)属,NOB属于硝化杆菌(Nitrobacter)属.外加微量N_2H_4前后,AOB amoA基因拷贝数(以干污泥计)由1.0×10~9copies·g~(-1)减少为2.09×10~4copies·g~(-1),NOB nxrB基因拷贝数由1.28×10~7copies·g~(-1)减少为2.56×10~5copies·g~(-1).AOB对环境因素较NOB相比更为敏感,N_2H_4对硝化微生物的抑制与毒性作用使外加微量N_2H_4的硝化污泥中AOB流失幅度大于NOB,但定量PCR方法无法准确比较N_2H_4对AOB与NOB活性抑制的强弱.长期外加微量N_2H_4破坏硝化微生物活性,使反应器崩溃.因此在没有厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)消耗N_2H_4的亚硝化系统中,企图通过调控外加N_2H_4浓度水平抑制NOB活性,从而进一步洗脱NOB提高脱氮性能可能无法实现.  相似文献   
50.
通过室内土壤培养实验,采用间歇密闭培养-气相色谱法研究了添加不同N源条件下我国典型旱地除草剂对农田土壤呼吸和N2O排放的影响.结果表明,在添加(NH4)2SO4氮源条件下,莠去津和百草枯对土壤呼吸和N2O排放无显著影响(P〉0.05).草甘膦显著抑制了土壤呼吸(P〈0.05),是对照的78.5%,N2O的排放无显著影响(P〉0.05),仅表现为均值降低了20.1%.苯磺隆显著促进了土壤呼吸(P〈0.05),是对照的1.1倍,对N2O排放也无显著影响(P〉0.05).乙草胺显著促进了土壤呼吸和N2O的排放(P〈0.05),分别是对照的1.1和1.5倍.在添加尿素的条件下,莠去津和乙草胺对土壤呼吸和N2O排放无显著影响(P〉0.05).百草枯显著促进了N2O的排放(P〈0.05),是对照的1.4倍,却对土壤呼吸无显著影响(P〉0.05).草甘膦显著抑制了土壤呼吸(P〈0.05),仅为对照的82.5%,对N2O的排放却无显著影响(P〉0.05).苯磺隆显著促进了土壤呼吸和N2O的排放(P〈0.05),其分别是对照的1.3和1.6倍.鉴于不同除草剂对不同微生物生理代谢影响的复杂性,其对温室气体的作用和影响还需长期田间试验研究.  相似文献   
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