Occurrence of Acid Rain over Delhi

Precipitation samples were collected as wet-fall only andprimarily on event basis in Delhi during the monsoon period of1995. Concentrations of major anions (SO₄ ^2-,NO₃ ^- and Cl^-) andcations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺,Na⁺ and K⁺) were determined. The pH of the rain waterwas found to be more than 5.6, showing alkalinity during theearly phase of monsoon, but during the late phase of monsoon pHtendency was towards acidity due to lack of proper neutralizationof acidic ions. Neutralization is not only due to the localprocess but also due to the pre-monsoon Andhi which bringsSuspended Particulate Matter (SPM) containing Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ as well as the local emission ofNH₃. In the late monsoon the concentration of cations getsreduced because of heavy rainfall and relatively unfavourablecondition for their transport from the adjoining areas, whereasthe anion concentrations remain unchanged owing to theircontinuous emission.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Environmental Monitoring Of Remedial Dredging At The New Bedford Harbor, Ma, Superfund Site

New Bedford Harbor (NBH), MA, is a Superfund site because of high polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in the sediment. From April 1994 to September 1995, a remedial dredging operation (termed the “Hot Spot”) removed the most contaminated sediments (PCB concentrations greater than 4000μg/g) from the upper harbor. During remediation, a monitoring program assessed the potential environmental impacts to NBH and adjacent Buzzards Bay. The monitoring program was developed with input from federal, state, and local authorities. Site-specific decision criteria were established to assess net PCB transport, water column toxicity, and PCB bioaccumulation in blue and ribbed mussels (Mytilus edulis and Geukensia demissa, respectively). The remediation was completed without exceeding PCB net transport or acute toxicity effects specified in the decision criteria. In addition, PCB bioaccumulation in mussels during this time period was not significantly greater than pre- or post-operational measurements. The results indicated that approximately 14000 cubic yards of highly PCB contaminated sediment were permanently removed with minimal environmental effects. The lessons learned during this operation, as well as previous pilot studies at the site, will be used to make full-scale remedial efforts in NBH more efficient and environmentally protective.     

利用风云四、MODIS及CALIPSO卫星资料分析西北沙尘过程的垂直和水平分布特征

FY-4A提供的高时间分辨率沙尘强度产品为分析沙尘过程中气溶胶分布提供了新的思路.本研究使用MODIS暗像元/深蓝/合成算法的AOD产品以及FY-4A沙尘强度产品,分析了2018年春季中国西北地区的两次典型沙尘过程,并使用CALIPSO后向散射系数产品研究了这两次事件中气溶胶的垂直分布特征.研究结果表明：①风云四号沙尘强度产品与MODIS深蓝算法产品以及合成算法产品在西北沙漠地区的沙尘分布情况上具有很好的空间一致性;②对于沙尘有明显向东输送的沙尘过程而言（如2018年4月4—6日）,沙尘主要分布在2~6 km,有些地区甚至只有4 km以上才存在沙尘,在沙尘输送的下游地区,沙尘主要分布在2 km以下的低空;而对于沙尘没有向外扩散的沙尘过程（如2018年5月21—23日）,沙尘粒子则主要分布在0~5 km高度处.     

公路工程施工安全事故致因模型构建

为了探究公路施工安全事故诱因及其影响关系,基于"4M"理论和事故致因"2-4"模型,识别公路工程施工安全事故致因因素并确定模型框架,运用SPSS Modeler软件对2007~2017年426起事故进行关联规则挖掘,采取路径分析与重要度分析,构建出公路工程施工安全事故致因模型。结果表明:施工单位内外部原因共同引发公路工程施工安全事故,外部原因来源于建设单位、监理单位和勘察设计单位的安全管理缺失,而施工单位内部影响因素中,人的不安全动作、物的不安全因素、不良的生产环境和自然环境是事故发生的直接原因,无效的安全监管和作业层安全素质及能力不强是间接原因,根本原因是施工程序和技术方案存在缺陷,根源原因是决策层和管理层的安全素质及能力有待提高。该模型系统展现了工程施工项目安全事故致因因素的影响关系和重要程度,为公路工程施工安全事故预防提供指导。     

A novel bioremediation strategy for petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants using salt tolerant Corynebacterium variabile HRJ4 and biochar

The present work aimed to develop a novel strategy to bioremediate the petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in the environment. Salt tolerant bacterium was isolated from Dagang oilfield, China and identified as Corynebacterium variabile HRJ4 based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The bacterium had a high salt tolerant capability and biochar was developed as carrier for the bacterium. The bacteria with biochar were most effective in degradation of n-alkanes (C16, C18, C19, C26, C28) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NAP, PYR) mixture. The result demonstrated that immobilization of C. variabile HRJ4 with biochar showed higher degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (THPs) up to 78.9% after 7-day of incubation as compared to the free leaving bacteria. The approach of this study will be helpful in clean-up of petroleum-contamination in the environments through bioremediation process using eco-friendly and cost effective materials like biochar.     

以三乙烯四胺为前驱体合成的离子液体对CO2的吸收效果研究

以三乙烯四胺(TETA)为阳离子前驱体合成多胺基离子液体([TETAH]+[Cl]-、[TETAH]+[NO_3]~-、2[TETAH]+[SO_4]~(2-)和[TETAH]+[BF_4]~-),以CO_2摩尔吸收量和CO_2平均吸收速率为评价指标,优选出对CO_2吸收效果最优的2[TETAH]+[SO_4]~(2-)离子液体.进一步考察在不同含水率、气体流量和温度等因素下2[TETAH]+[SO_4]~(2-)离子液体对CO_2的吸收效果,结果表明:2[TETAH]+[SO_4]~(2-)吸收CO_2的最佳条件为含水率30%、气体流量50 m L·min~(-1)、温度10℃,此时CO_2饱和摩尔吸收量达到1.325 mol·mol~(-1),各因素对CO_2吸收量的影响大小顺序为含水率气体流量温度.     

镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)对2,4,6-三氯苯酚的降解特性及其机制

为了解镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)降解2,4,6-三氯苯酚(TCP)的因素影响规律,研究了温度、p H、外加碳源、氮源、氯离子及TCP浓度对其降解特性的影响,分析了其降解动力学与降解途径.结论:镰刀菌能以TCP为唯一碳源和能源物质进行生长繁殖,TCP降解最适条件为:氮源Na NO3(0.2 g·L~(-1)),30℃,p H=6~7.外加碳源葡萄糖对降解TCP具有明显的抑制作用.氯离子浓度低于0.2 g·L~(-1)时对降解TCP具有一定的促进作用,但随着氯离子浓度的增加,TCP的降解受到了抑制.镰刀菌对TCP降解速率随着其浓度的升高而减缓.镰刀菌能降解10~50 mg·L~(-1)的TCP,其降解反应符合零级降解动力学方程.镰刀菌降解TCP过程中检测到2,6-二氯苯酚(RT 12.521 min),可推测TCP是通过2,6-二氯苯酚途径进行降解的.     

台风“麦德姆”福州降水δ18O特征及水汽来源分析

大气降水的氢氧同位素不仅在长时间尺度和短时间尺度上对气候环境有一定的响应,而且在极端天气事件中也响应强烈。论文基于2014年7月23—24日10号台风麦德姆登陆前后福州降水的氢氧稳定同位素分析,发现台风麦德姆降水的δ¹⁸O变化范围为-7.2‰~-15.4‰,整个降雨过程分为3个阶段：阶段1（23日3：00至23日12：00）,雨水δ¹⁸O相对偏正（加权平均值为-7.8‰）,降水开始增加,主要受台风外围环流的影响;阶段2（23日12：00至24日8：00）,雨水δ¹⁸O显著偏负（加权平均值为-13.9‰）,采样点降水量达134.8 mm,约占观测时段降水量的78%,降雨量效应明显,主要受台风云雨区影响;阶段3（24日8：00至24日17：00）,雨水δ¹⁸O偏正（加权平均值为-9.2‰）,降水减少,台风远离福州。通过降水δ¹⁸O的阶段性特征以及过量氘,结合水汽输送通量与HYSPLIT-4模拟水汽轨迹分析,确定此次降水的水汽源主要来自西北太平洋水汽通道与孟加拉湾和南海水汽通道。     

阴、阳离子影响离子液体溶解甲烷性能的研究进展

煤矿抽采出的低浓度瓦斯直接排空不仅浪费清洁能源而且加剧温室效应。离子液体(IL)是近年来用于气体分离的热点研究对象。综述了利用IL分离气体,特别在溶解CH_4气体方面的研究进展,归纳了具有高效溶解CH4能力的IL结构特征,以及阴阳离子对IL溶解CH_4的影响规律。分析结果表明CH_4在大部分ILs中的溶解度较小;与咪唑类ILs相比,阴离子为[FAP]~-、[doc]~-、[Tf_2N]~-、[TMPP]~-,阳离子取代链为长烷烃的季膦类和季胺类ILs具有更强的溶解CH_4的能力。特别是[P4444][TMPP]和[P(14)666][TMPP]对CH_4表现出优越的溶解性,可考虑用这2种ILs存储CH_4。至于两者能否用于浓缩CH_4,还需实验测试[P4444][TMPP]和[P(14)666][TMPP]溶解CO_2和N_2的情况,以及对溶解过程的影响。