基于反硝化脱氮的硫铁复合填料除磷机制

为提高硫铁复合填料反硝化脱氮同步除磷效果,对比研究了不同填料和耦合微生物后的除磷效果,分析了微生物耦合硫铁复合填料反硝化脱氮同步实现除磷的机制.结果表明与单纯海绵铁填料比较,硫磺与海绵铁复合填料除磷效率提高30%,达到95%以上,出水磷含量可降至0.1 mg·L~(-1)以下.X射线衍射(XRD)和总铁浓度分析表明,硫铁复合填料除磷系统反应产物主要为FeOOH、FeS和Fe_4(PO_4)_3(OH)_3固体物质和溶解性铁离子,产生于海绵铁的腐蚀和除磷过程;腐蚀产生的Fe~(2+)及Fe~(3+)的水解产物FeOOH和Fe S通过吸附沉淀作用将PO_4~(3-)转化为Fe_4(PO_4)_3(OH)_3去除.微生物耦合硫铁炭复合填料反应器运行稳定后,TN、TP去除率分别在90%左右和83%以上;硫自养反硝化产生的H~+和生物铁作用也可以促进海绵铁腐蚀和除磷过程,体系将"异养协同自养"复合反硝化与化学除磷有机结合,实现了城市污水处理厂尾水高效反硝化脱氮同步除磷的目的.     

外源盐对不同盐碱程度土壤CH4吸收潜力的影响

目前,关于不同盐含量及外源CH_4浓度对盐碱土壤CH_4吸收的影响机制尚不清楚.因此,本研究通过室内培养实验,设定大气外源CH_4浓度((2.5±0.1)μL·L-1)和高外源CH_4浓度((6451.6±2.9)μL·L-1),并调节盐碱土壤盐含量,探究不同盐碱程度土壤CH_4吸收潜力的变化趋势.结果表明,两种外源CH_4浓度条件下,无外源盐添加的不同盐碱程度土壤SA1(轻度盐化土壤)、SB1(强度盐化土壤)、SC1(盐土)均表现为随盐碱程度增加,CH_4累积吸收量降低的趋势,即SA1SB1SC1;不同外源CH_4浓度下,CH_4累积吸收量表现为:高外源CH_4浓度(4.10×104μg·kg~(-1))远远大于大气外源CH_4浓度(6.85μg·kg~(-1)).此外,通过实时荧光定量PCR技术检测与计算得到不同盐碱程度土壤甲烷氧化菌丰度、甲烷氧化菌比活性.3种不同盐碱程度条件下,随着盐含量增加,土壤甲烷氧化菌比活性降低,CH_4累积吸收量亦降低,盐含量较高的土壤(SB1、SC1)加入外源盐后,会明显降低CH_4吸收.因此,两种外源CH_4浓度条件下,不同盐碱程度土壤甲烷氧化菌比活性越高,CH_4累积吸收量越大;盐碱土壤甲烷氧化菌比活性变化量越大,CH_4累积吸收变化量越高.说明在两种不同外源CH_4浓度下,土壤甲烷氧化菌比活性是不同盐碱程度土壤CH_4吸收潜力的根本原因.     

添加几种秸秆并淹水对海南土壤N2O和CH4排放的影响

利用室内培养试验研究了淹水条件下,不同种类的秸秆对退化菜地土壤修复过程中土壤N_2O和CH_4排放及其综合温室效应的影响.试验设大豆秸秆、花生秸秆、甘蔗渣、水稻秸秆和空白5个处理,试验培养条件为土壤淹水和30℃.结果表明,添加大豆秸秆、花生秸秆和水稻秸秆均能显著提高土壤的pH、有机质和速效钾含量,且能快速降低土壤氧化还原电位Eh.添加大豆秸秆、花生秸秆、甘蔗渣均能显著降低土壤N_2O的排放,其中,大豆秸秆的减排效果最佳.但添加大豆秸秆、花生秸秆、水稻秸秆会促进CH_4大量排放,从而导致综合温室效应增加.花生秸秆处理增加的综合温室效应最大,其次是水稻秸秆处理.甘蔗渣处理的综合温室效应显著低于空白,但甘蔗渣处理对土壤改良效果不佳,其不能快速创造强还原条件,未能提高pH与速效钾等.比较4种材料,添加大豆秸秆增加的综合温室效应较小,且改良土壤效果较佳,更适合作为强还原灭菌法的理想材料.     

KMnO_4氧化复合NaOH液相吸收同时脱硫脱硝的实验研究

利用鼓泡吸收装置研究了KMnO_4/NaOH氧化吸收NO和SO_2过程,得出以下结论:同时脱硫脱硝时的脱硝效果要好于单独脱硝,但脱硫效果相差相当;KMnO_4和NaOH初始浓度的增加都能促进NO_x的脱除,但KMnO_4的促进作用更加明显;较低浓度SO_2的加入可促进NO_x脱除,然而过高浓度的SO_2会抑制NO_x的脱除。KMnO_4/NaOH同时脱硫脱硝可使脱硝率达70%左右,且脱硫率达98%以上,总体上效果理想。     

不同TOC/NH4+-N对厌氧氨氧化脱氮效能的影响

采用SBR厌氧氨氧化反应器,研究了不同TOC与NH_4~+-N比值对厌氧氨氧化反应器的脱氮效能的长短期影响.结果表明,在有机物短期影响时,反应器所能承受的最大TOC/NH_4~+-N为1.4,总氮去除速率可达0.26 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).长期影响下,在TOC/NH_4~+-N小于0.4时,反应器可获得最高脱氮效能,总氮去除率为0.34 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),TOC/NH_4~+-N大于0.4后,反应器脱氮效能持续降低,并且短期内厌氧氨氧化菌难以迅速恢复活性.利用q PCR(定量PCR)技术对长期影响前后反应器内菌种群落变化做定量分析,结果表明随着有机物的增加,反应器中的ANAMMOX菌数量从2.9×10~(11)copies·mL~(-1)减少至3.15×10~(10)copies·mL~(-1),在TOC/NH_4~+-N大于1.6的环境中,NH_4~+-N未能由厌氧氨氧化菌去除,厌氧氨氧化菌不能表现出生物活性.此时测得反硝化菌数量为3.0×10~9copies·mL~(-1),反应器中的NO_2~--N绝大部分由反硝化去除,虽然反硝化菌数量远少于ANAMMOX菌,但能表现出远超ANAMMOX菌的活性.     

内蒙古河套灌区不同盐碱程度土壤CH4吸收规律

土壤盐碱化严重威胁土地可持续利用和温室气体排放.本研究选择内蒙古河套灌区3种盐碱土壤［S1：盐化土壤,电导率（EC）4.80 dS·m^-1;S2：强度盐碱土壤,电导率（EC）2.60 dS·m^-1;S3：轻度盐碱土壤,电导率（EC）0.74 dS·m^-1］.利用静态暗箱法野外原位观测研究盐碱土壤甲烷（CH₄）吸收规律.结果表明,不同盐碱程度土壤CH₄吸收每年均存在显著差异,2014年生长季（F=18.0,P<0.001）,2015年生长季（F=23.6,P<0.001）和2016年生长季（F=28.4,P<0.001）.轻度盐碱土壤CH₄累积吸收量最高,盐化土壤累积吸收量最低.随土壤盐碱程度加重,土壤CH₄累积吸收量降低.轻度盐碱土壤CH₄累积吸收量在2014~2016年3个生长季（4~10月）分别为150.0、119.6和99.9 mg·m^-2;重度盐碱土壤CH₄累积吸收量比轻度盐碱土壤分别降低27%、28%和19%;盐化土壤CH₄累积吸收量比轻度盐碱土壤分别降低35%、35%和53%.冗余分析表明,盐碱土壤CH₄吸收通量与土壤EC的投影在第一主成分轴正方向和反方向,土壤EC越高,CH₄吸收通量越低.土壤电导率EC是调控盐碱土壤CH₄吸收的关键因子,相关系数r为-0.8809（P<0.01,n=9）.     

Extra-framework cation release from heulandite-type rich tuffs on exchange with NH(4)(+)

The outgoing cations of Greek heulandite-rich tuff samples (heulandite type-III, 91wt.%, mica 4wt.%, feldspar 5wt. %, CEC 2.22meq/g) were analysed upon exchange with ammonium acetate using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The kinetic curves of each cation were investigated over a total time of contact of 720h with sampling at frequent intervals. The materials were examined by powder X-ray diffraction, SEM-EDS, and AAS. The sorption ability was measured using the ammonium acetate saturation method. It was found that Ca(2+) presents an unexpected extra-framework release and a surprisingly high degree of exchange (90%). The exchange of Mg (57%) is also worthy of note whereas the behavior of K(+) showed an expected rapid initial release. The behavior of Na(+) must be similar. However, its lower concentration in the zeolitic material minimizes its overall significance somewhat. On the other hand, Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) release is kinetically much slower, compared to that of alkali metal ions, and this phenomenon indicates that different exchange energies are needed till final equilibrium.     

Assessing energy efficiencies and greenhouse gas emissions under bioethanol-oriented paddy rice production in northern Japan

To establish energetically and environmentally viable paddy rice-based bioethanol production systems in northern Japan, it is important to implement appropriately selected agronomic practice options during the rice cultivation step. In this context, effects of rice variety (conventional vs. high-yielding) and rice straw management (return to vs. removal from the paddy field) on energy inputs from fuels and consumption of materials, greenhouse gas emissions (fuel and material consumption-derived CO(2) emissions as well as paddy soil CH(4) and N(2)O emissions) and ethanol yields were assessed. The estimated ethanol yield from the high-yielding rice variety, "Kita-aoba" was 2.94 kL ha(-1), a 32% increase from the conventional rice variety, "Kirara 397". Under conventional rice production in northern Japan (conventional rice variety and straw returned to the paddy), raising seedlings, mechanical field operations, transportation of harvested unhulled brown rice and consumption of materials (seeds, fertilizers, biocides and agricultural machinery) amounted to 28.5 GJ ha(-1) in energy inputs. The total energy input was increased by 14% by using the high-yielding variety and straw removal, owing to increased requirements for fuels in harvesting and transporting harvested rice as well as in collecting, loading and transporting rice straw. In terms of energy efficiency, the variation among rice variety and straw management scenarios regarding rice varieties and rice straw management was small (28.5-32.6 GJ ha(-1) or 10.1-14.0 MJ L(-1)). Meanwhile, CO(2)-equivalent greenhouse gas emissions varied considerably from scenario to scenario, as straw management had significant impacts on CH(4) emissions from paddy soils. When rice straw was incorporated into the soil, total CO(2)-equivalent greenhouse gas emissions for "Kirara 397" and "Kita-aoba" were 25.5 and 28.2 Mg CO(2) ha(-1), respectively; however, these emissions were reduced notably for the two varieties when rice straw was removed from the paddy fields in an effort to mitigate CH(4) emissions. Thus, rice straw removal avers itself a key practice with respect to lessening the impacts of greenhouse gas emissions in paddy rice-based ethanol production systems in northern Japan. More crucially, the rice straw removed is available for ethanol production and generation of heat energy with a biomass boiler, all elements required for biomass-to-ethanol transformation steps including saccharification, fermentation and distillation. This indicates opportunities for further improvement in energy efficiency and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions under whole rice plant-based bioethanol production systems.     

SnWO_4可见光催化降解甲基橙研究

采用溶剂热法合成了可见光催化剂SnWO4,以甲基橙溶液为目标污染物,研究了催化剂的用量、溶液的初始浓度、盐效应等因素对光催化降解效果的影响.结果表明,甲基橙溶液初始浓度为20 mg.L-1、催化剂的最佳投加量为1.5 g.L-1,SnWO4的催化活性最好,光照反应90 min对目标污染物的去除率可达99.37%;溶液中...     

磁性海泡石的研制及吸附Cr（Ⅵ）特性

为了提高海泡石原土吸附Cr（Ⅵ）性能,解决粉末状海泡石应用中与所处理溶液难以分离的问题,采用化学共沉淀法合成磁性海泡石,利用扫描电镜（SEM）、比表面积和孔径分析仪（BET）、X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶红外光谱（IR）、振动样品磁强计（VSM）对附磁前后海泡石进行表征,并考察了磁性海泡石吸附除Cr（Ⅵ）的特性.结果表...