Enhanced removal of organics by permanganate preoxidation using tannic acid as a model compound – Role of in situ formed manganese dioxide

The effect of permanganate preoxidation on organic matter removal during the coagulation with aluminum chloride was investigated using tannic acid as a model compound. Results showed that a small amount of KMnO4 (0.75 mg/L) increased the removal efficiency of tannic acid up to 20%, as compared to the process of coagulation by aluminum chloride alone. The key factor enhancing the removal efficiency of tannic acid in preoxidation process was the in situ formation of a reductant manganese dioxide. The complexation model was used to describe the reaction between MnO2 and tannic acid. Under weak pH condition, tannic acid was difficult to be adsorbed by MnO2 due to the static electrical repulsive forces. The presence of Ca2+ served as a bridge to hold the negative charged MnO2 and tannic acid together, which could be a crucial factor influencing tannic acid adsorption by in-situ manganese dioxide.     

小分子有机碳对土壤中六氯苯厌氧降解及挥发的影响

采用密封培养瓶装置,研究了红壤性水稻土和乌栅土在添加乙酸、葡萄糖、柠檬酸时六氯苯(HCB)的厌氧降解行为,同时分析了土壤pH变化、碳源转化过程中甲烷和二氧化碳的释放及六氯苯的挥发.结果表明,8周内红壤性水稻土中HCB减少了约20%～44%,加入乙酸抑制HCB的降解,表明低pH条件不利于脱氯反应,加入葡萄糖和柠檬酸在前期抑制后期则促进HCB的降解;乌栅土中HCB减少了约21%～23%,加入小分子有机质对其降解没有明显的效果;六氯苯降解的主要产物为五氯苯(PCB),最终检测到红壤性水稻土中PCB为23～96 μg/kg,乌栅土中为64～92 μg/kg; HCB的降解与CH4和CO2的释放量在统计学上没有显著的相关性;2种土壤中,外加小分子有机碳均减少了HCB的挥发作用,且红壤性水稻土中HCB的挥发比乌栅土中更强,表明土壤有机质是影响HCB挥发的重要因子.     

测定高氯废水CODcr的方法探讨——硫酸汞添加法

化学需氧量是评价水体中有机物污染的重要指标,通常采用CODcr来表示。在其测定过程中氯离子是影响结果准确性的重要因素。由于氯离子的干扰,高氯废水中化学需氧量测定误差较大,尤其对于高氯低化学需氧量的水样,其干扰更为严重。本文对高氯废水化学需氧量的测定方法以及原理进行了阐述,针对不同范围的化学需氧量,对应采用高浓度重铬酸钾氧化法、低浓度重铬酸钾氧化法来测定,最终确定了一种最直接、简便、准确的方法-硫酸汞添加法来测定高氯废水的CODcr。     

COD_(CH_4)/COD值评价垃圾渗滤液厌氧可生化性的研究

基于理论分析,提出CODCH4/COD值作为废水厌氧可生化性的评价指标,确定了CODCH4/COD值表示厌氧可生化性的数值界限。同时,在BMP分析的基础上,采用CODCH4/COD值考察了垃圾渗滤液的厌氧可生化性,并与BOD5/COD值评价结果进行了对比。实验结果显示,CODCH4/COD值与BOD5/COD值用于垃圾渗滤液可生化性的评价,得出的结论具有相似性,但CODCH4/COD值大于BOD5/COD值。究其原因:好氧条件下,总的生化耗氧量(BOD)u小于理论完全需氧量(COD);厌氧条件下,有机物完全去除时CODCH4(理)等于理论完全需氧量。此外,BOD5测试时间仅5 d,而BMP测试时间一般在30 d以上,从而使微生物有足够的时间去适应废水水质,故能较好地反映废水的可生化性。     

Carbon dioxide emissions from spring ploughing of grassland in Ireland

Grassland re-seeding or land-use change requires ploughing, which may enhance carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from soil. This study observed the short to intermediate-term (37 days) effects of ploughing on CO₂ emissions from poorly drained grassland using automated soil respiration chambers. Immediately after ploughing, a brief peak in CO₂ emissions from soil occurred with a maximum observed flux of 6.91 g CO₂ m⁻² h⁻¹. Contradictory to other reported results, ecosystem respiration after ploughing was lower on the ploughed than on the grass site. After including estimates of photosynthesis in the analysis, ploughing led to significantly higher net CO₂ emissions than from grassland. The main mechanism of C loss during ploughing was most likely due to a reduction in gross primary production rather than enhanced soil respiration.     

太湖流域水源地悬浮颗粒物中的PAH、OCP和PCB

于2010年5月和9月分别对太湖流域水源地悬浮颗粒物(SPM)中的PAH、OCP和PCB的残留水平进行了检测和分析.结果表明,研究区PAH、OCP和PCB的含量分别为806.9~3815.3ng/g、10.04~50.86ng/g和2.20~5.06ng/g.与5月份相比,9月份的大部分采样点三种污染物含量有所增加.PAH中HMW-PAHs的含量占优势,主要来源于石油类排放、石油及其精炼产品的不完全燃烧,少量来源于煤和生物质的不完全燃烧.OCP中DDTs的含量占优势,研究区有新的HCHs和林丹输入,但DDTs没有新的输入.Aroclor检出率最高的为Aroclor1016与Aroclor1260,这可能与我国主要生产和使用的PCBs产品有关.相对于国内外其他地区监测结果和评价标准,研究区SPM所受PAH、OCP和PCB污染较轻,大部分地区均低于生态影响低值LEL,生态风险较小.     

Humic acid and metal ions accelerating the dechlorination of 4-chlorobiphenyl by nanoscale zero-valent iron

Transformation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by zero-valent iron represents one of the latest innovative technologies for environmental remediation. The dechlorination of 4-chlorobiphenyl (4-ClBP) by nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) in the presence of humic acid or metal ions was investigated. The results showed that the dechlorination of 4-ClBP by NZVI increased with decreased solution pH. When the initial pH value was 4.0, 5.5, 6.8, and 9.0, the dechlorination efficiencies of 4-ClBP after 48 hr were 53.8%, 47.8%, 35.7%, and 35.6%, respectively. The presence of humic acid inhibited the reduction of 4-ClBP in the first 4 hr, and then significantly accelerated the dechlorination by reaching 86.3% in 48 hr. Divalent metal ions, Co2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+, were reduced and formed bimetals with NZVI, thereby enhanced the dechlorination of 4-ClBP. The dechlorination percentages of 4-ClBP in the presence of 0.1 mmol/L Co2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+ were 66.1%, 66.0% and 64.6% in 48 hr, and then increased to 67.9%, 71.3% and 73.5%, after 96 hr respectively. The dechlorination kinetics of 4-ClBP by the NZVI in all cases followed pseudo-first order model. The results provide a basis for better understanding of the dechlorination mechanisms of PCBs in real environment.     

固定在活性炭聚砜中空纤维膜中的Pseudomonas putida菌对四氯苯酚的共代谢降解

以苯酚-四氯苯酚共代谢体系为对象,研究了中空纤维聚砜膜作为细菌固定化材料对该共代谢过程的强化作用.结果表明,该膜具有内、中、外3层的结构,Pseudomonas putida菌可被固定在膜的表面和中间层;固定化后,细菌对高浓度有毒底物的忍受限度增强,从而得以持续生长,并在29 h内将600　mg/L和120　mg/L的苯酚和四氯苯酚完全降解.在膜的制作过程中添加了一定量的活性炭后,发现膜对苯酚和四氯苯酚的吸附能力增强,同时结构上更疏松,对四氯苯酚的降解效率得到了提高.固定在活性碳中空纤维膜中的Pseudomonas putida可以将1 000　mg/L和200　mg/L的苯酚和四氯苯酚在51 h内完全降解,比不加活性炭的情况缩短了37 h,中空纤维膜可以连续多次使用,对相同浓度的四氯苯酚的降解速度保持稳定.     

纳米FeO作用下4-氯酚的脱氯特性及机理

采用化学还原法制备了纳米Fe^O, ESEM测定结果表明其颗粒在1～100 nm内. 实验表明这些纳米Fe^O能在20 h内将初始浓度为20 mg/L的4-氯酚完全降解, Fe^O对4-CP的还原脱氯是主要去除途径. 苯酚是脱氯反应的主要产物. 当4-CP的初始浓度由20　mg/L增大到50, 100, 150　mg/L时, 其相对去除率明显降低, 但绝对降解量有较大提高. 温度不仅影响脱氯速率, 而且影响4-CP去除的途径. 30℃时, 脱氯反应为主要反应; １０℃时, 较易产生氧化产物. Fe原子的迁移过程在4-CP的降解中也是一个重要的限速步骤. 此外, 纳米Fe^O具有很好的稳定性, 在受试的379　h内, 纳米Fe^O能够应对不同浓度冲击及反复投加的4-氯酚冲击的能力.     

离子液体双水相气浮溶剂浮选分离/富集水样中的盐酸多西环素研究

建立了以亲水性离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸[Bmim]BF4和Na H2PO4形成的二元双水相作为气浮溶剂分离/富集水样中盐酸多西环素的新方法,并采用紫外分光光度法对盐酸多西环素进行测定。考察了离子液体的初始加入量、盐的种类及浓度、p H值、浮选时间及N2流速等因素对体系浮选分离盐酸多西环素的影响。结果表明,改变离子液体和无机盐的加入量,会使体系的富集倍数发生变化,从而使体系的浮选效率和浓集系数发生变化;随浮选时间增加,体系的浮选效率先增加后略微下降;过大或过小的N2流速都会使体系对盐酸多西环素的浮选效率降低;而p H值对体系浮选盐酸多西环素影响不大。当[Bmim]BF4溶液加入量为3 m L、Na H2PO4加入量为25 g(质量分数为33.3%)、气浮时间为40 min、气浮速率为50 m L/min时,体系的浮选效率最高,可达95.8%,浓集系数可达23.95,此时体系的p H值为4.38。与离子液体双水相萃取(ILATPE)相比,该方法的优点在于不仅有较高的浮选率、浓集系数,还有效减少了离子液体的用量,同时操作更简单、环境友好。