中国生物多样性保护适应气候变化的对策

基于气候变化对生物多样性影响的总结分析,初步提出了我国生物多样性保护适应气候变化的对策。气候变化对生物物候、分布、迁移活动、群落结构、栖息地质量、生态系统和景观多样性都产生了一定影响,未来将产生更深刻的影响。我国生物多样性保护适应气候变化需要从物种有效保护、自然保护区规划与管理、灾害防御等方面进行。     

陇南市生物多样性保护的生态补偿区域空间选择

基于生态重要性,以重要物种空间分布种数为参数构建生物多样性保护重要性评价模型,以陇南市为例,乡镇为研究单元,基于模型对全市生物多样性保护重要性进行评价,基于评价结果将研究区分为优先补偿区、次级优先补偿区、次级补偿区和潜在补偿区,对各等级补偿区的特征分析结果表明:①各类补偿区分布相对集中,优先补偿区主要分布在陇南市南部,集中分布在文县。②各等级补偿区由高到低在补偿面积、补偿乡镇数量和补偿人口方面不断增加。③优先补偿区范围相对较小,而次级优先补偿区和次级补偿区范围相对较大,潜在补偿区占很大的比例。④优先补偿区与自然保护区有着密切的联系,大多数优先补偿乡镇位于自然保护区内。     

秦岭自然保护区群的社会效益计量研究

秦岭自然保护区群在我国生物多样性保护方面发挥了重要作用,学术界一直缺乏其社会效益计量的研究.该研究在界定秦岭自然保护区群社会效益的概念及分析其内涵的基础上,综合运用专家咨询法及文献参考方法,初步建立了秦岭自然保护区群社会效益计量指标体系,包括:社会文明进步、人类健康和社会生产生活改善3种类型11项指标.利用市场价值法、等效替代法等方法,对秦岭自然保护区群保护生物多样性的过程中所产生的社会效益进行了计量及分析.结果表明:秦岭自然保护区群在保护生物多样性的同时,每年产生了相当可观的社会效益,总货币量约11.68亿元人民币,与周边区域密切相关的社会文明进步效益为1.68亿元;人类健康效益为1.62亿元;社会生产生活改善效益为8.37亿元.该研究的社会效益计量指标及计量方法可为秦岭自然保护区群基层工作人员及类似保护区社会效益计量及评价提供参考.     

Intellectual Property Rights on Plant Genetic Resources： Perspective from Economics

Given the existence of transaction costs, the location of property rights is an important factor in determining the incentives for efficient levels of investment at various levels of the industry. This...     

秦岭自然保护区群保护成本计量研究

秦岭自然保护区群在我国生物多样性保护方面发挥了重要作用,学术界一直缺乏保护成本计量的研究。本研究在界定秦岭自然保护区群成本的概念及分析其内涵的基础上,综合运用专家咨询法及文献参考方法,建立了秦岭自然保护区群保护成本计量指标体系,利用市场价值法、等效替代法以及机会成本法等方法,对秦岭自然保护区群保护生物多样性的投入进行了成本计量及分析。结果表明:秦岭自然保护区群在保护生物多样性投入方面,总货币量约29.72亿元人民币,其中直接保护成本为2.59亿元;间接保护成本为2.00亿元;与周边区域密切相关的机会成本为25.13亿元。其中,机会成本的计量模型多样化,在学术界存在较多争议,但是,最终每种模型都能反映出机会成本的内涵的货币量,可以表达出我国政府为建立秦岭自然保护区群而付出的无形代价。     

Significance of Riverine Hypoxia for Fish: The Case of the Big Sunflower River,Mississippi1

Shields, F. Douglas, Jr. and Scott S. Knight, 2011. Significance of Riverine Hypoxia for Fish: The Case of the Big Sunflower River, Mississippi. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 170‐186. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00606.x Abstract: Degraded streams draining low‐relief, intensively cultivated watersheds may experience periods of hypoxia or anoxia. A three‐year study of water chemistry, fish, and physical habitat in the Big Sunflower River in northwestern Mississippi coupled with continuously logged physicochemical and hydrology data provided by others showed prolonged periods of hypoxia associated with higher flows. Fish species richness was directly related to dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration (r² = 0.35, p = 0.00004), and ordination using nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) indicated strong association between fish community structure and DO. Low‐head weirs supported relatively dense and diverse fish communities and thus provided local habitat enhancement, but may create stagnant zones upstream due to backwater effects that exacerbate low DO problems. Although hypoxia has been reported for some lightly degraded rivers and floodplains, our observations suggest hypoxia in Big Sunflower River and similar systems alters fish species composition and should be remediated. Cost‐effective remediation will require better understanding of autotrophic and heterotrophic processes that control DO and the relationship of these processes to discharge.     

企业主导生态付费模式研究——以江苏盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区为例

以江苏盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区(简称盐城保护区)为例,在问卷调查的基础上,分析了盐城保护区周边居民农药和化肥的使用对保护区生物多样性保护的潜在威胁.鉴于盐城保护区在生物多样性方面的重要性、其面临的挑战和机遇在中国众多保护区中的代表性,结合当前国际上方兴未艾的生态付费的基本思想,探讨了在盐城保护区引入私人部门主导的生态付费机制作为政府主导型生态付费机制补充形式的可能性,提出了由绿色企业对保护区周边农户直接开展生态服务付费机制的初步设计思想.     

Applying the concept of State of Good Repair to the management of ecological infrastructure

At any time, the condition of ecological infrastructure is related to the availability of funds to support operational management programmes. Environmental management outcomes are therefore often coupled to general economic conditions. When general economic conditions are favourable, investment in environmental management is often greater. This implies that environmental management frameworks need to be able to cope with the waxing and waning of economic conditions while still delivering acceptable environmental management and service delivery outcomes. At the onset of budget cuts, environmental managers therefore need effective ways of assessing the near and far future trade-offs of curtailing particular programmes in a defensible and internally consistent manner.

Operators of large civil infrastructure assets face the same problem. In response, the asset management community has developed the State of Good Repair approach. The objective of the preliminary consideration presented here was to determine whether this engineering management approach has any merit in environmental management.     

Global Attention to Turkey Due to Desertification

Desertification has recognized as an environmental problem by many international organizations such as UN, NATO and FAO. Desertification in Turkey is generally caused by incorrect land use, excessive grazing, forest fires, urbanization, industry, genetic erosion, soil erosion, salinization, and uncontrolled wild type plants picking. Due to anthropogenic destruction of forest, steppe flora gradually became dominant in Anatolia. In terms of biodiversity, Turkey has a significant importance in Europe and Middle East. Nine thousands plant species naturally grown in Turkey, one third of them are endemic. Also, endemic species of vertebrates, thrive in the lakes and marshy areas. The studies of modelling simulation of vegetation on the effects of Mediterranean climate during the Roman Classical period by using vegetation history showed that, in 2000 years BP, Mediterranean countries were more humid than today. Turkey is a special place on the global concern in terms of desertification because of biodiversity, agricultural potential, high population, social and economical structure, topographical factors and strategic regional location. Communication among scientists, decision makers and international non-profit organizations must be improved.     

Assessment of farmland sediments after flooding in Ubeji Land in Niger Delta of Nigeria

A study was conducted to evaluate ten heavy metals in dry sediment samples used to assess the contamination of farmland in Niger Delta after a protracted flooding. Eighteen sediment samples in six locations were collected. Niger Delta is a major industrial area where Nigeria petrochemical company is located. These sediments were subjected to analysis using standard methods for the examination of the soil samples. Results showed a trend toward induction of environmental contamination with Zn, Cu, Fe, Hg and Pb on the farmland. Mercury and Lead are disproportionately higher than other sediment elements. Concentrations of these sediment elements are above compliance limit for Nigeria and these may have long-term adverse effects on soil and vegetation.