Cytotoxicity and cell membrane depolarization induced by aluminum oxide nanoparticles in human lung epithelial cells A549

The cytotoxicity of 13 and 22 nm aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) nanoparticles was investigated in cultured human bronchoalveolar carcinoma-derived cells (A549) and compared with 20 nm CeO₂ and 40 nm TiO₂ nanoparticles as positive and negative control, respectively. Exposure to both Al₂O₃ nanoparticles for 24 h at 10 and 25 µg mL^?1 doses significantly decreased cell viability compared with control. However, the cytotoxicity of 13 and 22 nm Al₂O₃ nanoparticles had no difference at 5–25 µg mL^?1 dose range. The cytotoxicity of both Al₂O₃ nanoparticles were higher than negative control TiO₂ nanoparticles but lower than positive control CeO₂ nanoparticles (TiO₂ < Al₂O₃ < CeO₂). A real-time single cell imaging system was employed to study the cell membrane potential change caused by Al₂O₃ and CeO₂ nanoparticles using a membrane potential sensitive fluorescent probe DiBAC₄(3). Exposure to the 13 nm Al₂O₃ nanoparticles resulted in more significant depolarization than the 30 nm Al₂O₃ particles. On the other hand, the 20 nm CeO₂ particles, the most toxic, caused less significant depolarization than both the 13 and 22 nm Al₂O₃. Factors such as exposure duration, surface chemistry, and other mechanisms may contribute differently between cytotoxicity and membrane depolarization.     

外源NO对不同冬春性小麦花后光合生理的影响

为利用一氧化氮（NO）调节作用实现小麦（Tritivum aestivum L.）高产优质之目的,本试验在网室盆栽条件下,以冬春性不同的2个小麦品种（弱春性偃展4110和半冬性周麦18）为试验材料,研究了不同浓度外源NO供体——SNP处理对花后小麦光合生理特性及成熟期产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,不同浓度SNP处理对2种小麦旗叶叶面积、RWC、可溶性糖、总叶绿素含量、WUE、千粒质量、穗粒质量等均有不同程度的促进作用;与对照相比,低浓度SNP（0.075～0.15 mmol.L-1）明显降低2种小麦旗叶枯叶/绿叶值（Y/G）,而高浓度（0.30 mmol.L-1）处理则使Y/G值上升。综合分析：本试验条件下,外源NO对半冬性品种周麦18的调控效果优于弱春性品种偃展4110;周麦18以0.30 mmol.L-1SNP处理、偃展4110以0.15mmol.L-1SNP调控对小麦增产较为明显。     

不同环境条件下三丁基氧化锡对火腿许水蚤（Schmakeria poplesia）的毒性效应

为探讨不同环境条件下三丁基氧化锡(TBTO)对桡足类的毒性效应,本文通过世代培养30日龄火腿许水蚤(Schmakeria poplesia)的多因素协同作用急性毒性实验,测定了温度、盐度、单胞藻浓度和桡足类密度等环境因素对TBTO毒性效应的影响。结果显示：TBTO对火腿许水蚤雌、雄个体的毒性效应无显著差异,96 h-LC50值分别为 0.41 µgTBTO l-1和0.42 µgTBTO l-1;随着温度的升高,TBTO毒性效应增强;与盐度25条件相比,盐度15和35条件下火腿许水蚤对TBTO的敏感性相对较高;单胞藻浓度升高导致TBTO对桡足类毒性效应降低;另外,桡足类暴露敏感性还受到其密度的影响。以上结果表明,环境因素对污染物的生物毒性效应产生较大影响,在毒理学研究中应根据实际环境情况设定合理的环境条件,以保证最终生态风险评价结果的科学性。     

上海市氮氧化物污染与气象条件关系特征分析

根据上海市1998-2000年NOx浓度监测数据,对其月变化、城乡差异进行分析.将NOx浓度最低、最高月份值与气象条件进行了对比.结果表明,NOx浓度年内月变化呈"U"型,在冬季出现最高值,夏、秋季较低.其原因主要是冬季稳定型气象条件出现频率高,不利于污染物扩散;夏、秋季则相反.应用SPSS统计分析软件,对NOx浓度与各气象要素进行相关分析.结果表明,NOx浓度与风速有很强的负相关性,与气温、气压、太阳辐射等要素也有明显的相关性.在此基础上,提出了NOx浓度的气象学预报模式.NOx浓度城乡差异明显,城区高于郊区.因为NOx的主要来源为机动车排放,集中于城区;另外郊区建筑物不像城区那么密集,扩散条件比较好.     

头孢生产废水的光催化氧化特性

利用光催化氧化技术高效、低选择性的特点,系统地探讨了ZnO与TiO2等光催化剂种类以及用量、光照时间、废水的初始浓度、pH值、混合条件等因素对预处理头孢类制药废水的光催化氧化特性的影响.在光催化氧化过程中,头孢类制药废水的COD去除率受催化剂用量、光照时间、废水初始浓度和pH值影响较大,反应器内的混合条件显著影响头孢类制药废水的光催化氧化效率.混合使用ZnO与TiO2光催化剂对COD的去除率优于单独使用ZnO或TiO2光催化剂时的效果.稀释头孢半合成生产废水可以显著提高处理效果,最高COD去除率达到99%.     

利用炼钢炉尘制备氧化铁脱硫剂的研究

研究以炼钢废弃炉尘经过助溶酸浸法浸出铁成分,然后利用浸出物制备焦炉煤气脱硫用氧化铁脱硫剂的工艺,探讨了硫酸浓度、反应时间、反应温度、盐酸用量和助溶剂用量等因素对铁浸出率的影响。理化性能评价结果显示制得的脱硫剂能够满足焦炉煤气干法脱硫的工业应用要求。     

MgO改性赤泥复合材料对废水中氮磷的同步回收

为处理高浓度氮磷废水同时实现赤泥资源化利用,通过赤泥负载氧化镁制备高效氮磷回收材料(MgO-RM),用以对废水进行氮磷同步回收.考察了废水初始pH值、废水氮磷比和MgO-RM投加量对氮磷同步回收效果的影响.采用动力学模型和等温吸附模型对回收特性进行了描述,在此基础上利用FTIR、XRD、SEM、BET测试手段对MgO-...     

Relationships of nitrous oxide fluxes with water quality parameters in free water surface constructed wetlands

The effects of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration in the influent on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, together with the relationships between N₂O and water quality parameters in free water surface constructed wetlands, were investigated with laboratoryscale systems. N₂O emission and purification performance of wastewater were very strongly dependent on COD concentration in the influent, and the total N₂O emission in the system with middle COD influent concentration was the least. The relationships between N₂O and the chemical and physical water quality variables were studied by using principal component scores in multiple linear regression analysis to predict N₂O flux. The multiple linear regression model against principal components indicated that different water parameters affected N₂O flux with different COD concentrations in the influent, but nitrate nitrogen affected N₂O flux in all systems.     

Inhibition of bromate formation by reduced graphene oxide supported cerium dioxide during ozonation of bromide-containing water

GO or RGO promotes bromate formation during ozonation of bromide-containing water. CeO₂/RGO significantly inhibits bromate formation compared to RGO during ozonation. CeO₂/RGO shows an enhancement on DEET degradation efficiency during ozonation. Ozone (O₃) is widely used in drinking water disinfection and wastewater treatment. However, when applied to bromide-containing water, ozone induces the formation of bromate, which is carcinogenic. Our previous study found that graphene oxide (GO) can enhance the degradation efficiency of micropollutants during ozonation. However, in this study, GO was found to promote bromate formation during ozonation of bromide-containing waters, with bromate yields from the O₃/GO process more than twice those obtained using ozone alone. The promoted bromate formation was attributed to increased hydroxyl radical production, as confirmed by the significant reduction (almost 75%) in bromate yield after adding t-butanol (TBA). Cerium oxide (less than 5 mg/L) supported on reduced GO (xCeO₂/RGO) significantly inhibited bromate formation during ozonation compared with reduced GO alone, and the optimal Ce atomic percentage (x) was determined to be 0.36%, achieving an inhibition rate of approximately 73%. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra indicated the transformation of GO into RGO after hydrothermal treatment, and transmission electron microscope (TEM) results showed that CeO₂ nanoparticles were well dispersed on the RGO surface. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra results demonstrated that the Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺ ratio in xCeO₂/RGO was almost 3‒4 times higher than that in pure CeO₂, which might be attributed to the charge transfer effect from GO to CeO₂. Furthermore, Ce³⁺ on the xCeO₂/RGO surface could quench Br⋅ and BrO⋅ to further inhibit bromate formation. Meanwhile, 0.36CeO₂/RGO could also enhance the degradation efficiency of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) in synthetic and reclaimed water during ozonation.     

冷冻胁迫对芦荟叶肉细胞原生质体中Ca2+、Na+分布的影响

低温和冻害是造成巨大农业损失和植物死亡的主要逆境因子。为揭示冷冻胁迫对植物细胞中离子分布的影响,选择芦荟细胞原生质体为受试材料,使用离子选择性微电极检测了经冷冻处理后的芦荟原生质体在低渗液中破裂时产生的Ca~(2+)浓度脉冲信号,并同时检测Na~+浓度脉冲信号作为对比。研究了冷冻温度、解冻时间和ZnO NPs处理等因素对冷冻胁迫下芦荟原生质体中Ca~(2+)分布的影响。结果表明,与未经冷冻处理的原生质体相对比,经过冷冻处理的原生质体破裂后,其Ca~(2+)脉冲信号前沿处发生明显的"凹陷",这说明,原生质体中Ca~(2+)分布出现分层现象,靠近细胞中心浓度较高而细胞膜附近浓度较低。这一分层现象在温度为-7℃时开始出现,原生质体解冻5 h后仍未消失。经过ZnO NPs预处理后再进行冷冻的原生质体,其Ca~(2+)脉冲凹陷深度明显减小。而当用ZnO NPs处理解冻后的原生质体时,其Ca~(2+)分层现象消失。冷冻胁迫下芦荟原生质体内Ca~(2+)分布发生显著变化,表明原生质体内Ca~(2+)分布变化与其抗寒反应存在一定关系。与Ca~(2+)相反,Na~+的分布几乎不受冷冻因素的影响。ZnO NPs处理对冷冻芦荟原生质体中Ca~(2+)浓度分布分层有明显的缓解作用,表明一定浓度范围的ZnO NPs在缓解冷冻造成的Ca~(2+)流动性下降,维持细胞Ca~(2+)分布的调控能力方面,具有一定的积极影响。