亚硝酸盐对外碳源反硝化过程N2O还原的影响

本试验通过批次试验考察了亚硝酸盐对外碳源反硝化过程N2O还原的影响.结果表明NO2--N初始浓度为5.92~35.23mg/L时,随着NO2--N浓度的增加,反硝化过程中N2O的积累量逐渐增加;当NO2--N浓度为35.23mg/L时,NO2--N还原量的46.26%被转化为N2O.通过对比试验得出,N2O还原酶与亚硝酸盐还原酶对电子的竞争和游离亚硝酸(FNA)对N2O还原酶的抑制会导致N2O比还原速率下降,造成反硝化过程N2O积累.基于上述试验结果提出,污水处理厂可通过调控运行条件控制NO2--N浓度,降低反硝化过程的N2O的产生与释放;也可以通过短程硝化提高NO2--N浓度,促进反硝化过程N2O的积累,再通过N2O氧化甲烷减少N2O排放,同时提高产能37%.     

掺铈的铜锰钴复合氧化物催化剂对甲苯催化燃烧的性能研究

研究了铜锰钴复合氧化物上掺铈对甲苯完全氧化反应性能的影响。结果表明掺铈的铜锰钴复合氧化物催化剂的催化效果比铜锰、钴锰和钴铜双组分催化剂的催化效果好。以气相色谱为检测手段,用常压气体流动评价装置考察了这四类催化剂对甲苯的温度和空速特性,并对Cu-Mn-Co-Ce-O型催化剂进行了X射线衍射波谱(XRD)表征和BET测量,分析了该催化剂的晶体结构。     

Preparation of SGO-modified nanofiltration membrane and its application in SO42 − and Cl− separation in salt treatment

The lack of fresh water in the world makes the search for an effective method to decontaminate water an urgent priority. An important step is to remove different multivalent ions in salt treatment. Nanofiltration (NF) has been used for treating water containing different kinds of salts. In this work, sulfonate group-modified graphene oxide (SGO) was prepared, and added during the interfacial polymerization (IP) reaction to prepare SGO-modifiedNF membranes (PA-SGO). The chemical composition, structure and surface properties of PA and PA-SGO membranes were characterized by FT-IR, XPS, SEM, AFM, contact angle and zeta potential measurements. Their water flux, salt rejection and anti-fouling abilities were investigated systematically. The testing results showed that the water flux of PA-SGO (0.03% SGO) was 45.85 LMH under a pressure of 0.2?MPa, and the salt rejection varied in the order of Na₂SO₄ (98.99%)?>?MgSO₄ (91.25%)?>?MgCl₂ (42.27%)?>?NaCl (21.96%). An anti-fouling experiment indicated that the PA-SGO membrane had good anti-fouling properties because of its decreased roughness and increased hydrophilicity and electronegativity. The PA-SGO membrane has good potential for use in removing salt ions from water.     

温度对污水脱氮系统污染物去除效果及氧化亚氮释放的影响

污水生物脱氮过程是大气中的氧化亚氮(N2O)的一个重要来源.以anoxic-oxic sequencing batch reactors(A/O SBRs)工艺为研究对象,考察了5组不同温度(10、20、25、30、35℃)条件下系统的污染物去除效果和氧化亚氮释放情况.结果表明,温度对COD的去除无显著影响,但对氮素的去除有明显影响:在一定范围内,随温度的升高氮的去除率升高,但温度超过25℃后,随着温度的上升氮的去除效果下降;温度对氧化亚氮的释放量有重要影响,随温度的升高氧化亚氮的释放量逐渐降低[释放量(以MLSS计)依次为:530.1、260.8、218.3、104.7、57.7μg.g-1].对于A/O SBRs工艺,氧化亚氮的释放主要集中的好氧段,缺氧段几乎无氧化亚氮释放.     

A comparative investigation of NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) and Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CU_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) (x: 0-0.4) for NO decomposition

A series of single-phase T-structured NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) with oxygen vacancies and T'-structured Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)Cu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) (x:0-0.4) with oxygen excess were prepared using ultrasound-assisted citric acid complexing method, and characterized by means of techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis and NO temperature-progranuned desorption (NO-TPD). The catalytic activities of these materials were evaluated for the decomposition of NO. It was found that the NdSrCut_xCoxO4_b catalysts were of oxygen vacancies whereas the Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CU_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) ones possessed excessive oxygen (i.e., over-stoichiometric oxygen); with a rise in Co doping level,the oxygen vacancy density of NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) decreased while the over-stoichiometric oxygen amount of Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CU_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ)increased. The NO-TPD results revealed that NO could be activated much easier over the oxygen-deficient perovskite-like oxides than over the oxygen-excessive perovskite-like oxides, with the NdSrCuO_(3.702) catalyst showing the best efficiency in activating NO molecules. Under the conditions of 1.0% NO/helium, 2800 hr~(-1), and 600-900℃, the catalytic activity of NO decomposition followed the order of NdSrCuO_(3.702)> NdSrCu_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_(3.736) > NdSrCu_(0.6)Co_(0.4)O_(3.789) > Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)Cu_(0.6)Co_(0.4)O_(4.187)> Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)Cu_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_(4.104)> Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CuO_(4.045), in concord with the sequence of decreasing oxygen vacancy or oxygen excess density. Based on the results, we concluded that the higher oxygen vacancy density and the stronger Cu~(3+)/Cu~(2+) redox ability of NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) account for the easier activation of NO and consequently improve the catalytic activity of NO decomposition over the catalysts.     

污水处理过程N2O排放：过程机制与控制策略

污水处理生物脱氮过程中氧化亚氮(N₂O)作为直接碳排放源,其大气升温效应较CO₂高出265倍.因此,国际上对N₂O排放机制与控制策略的研究层出不穷.N₂O产生源于硝化与反硝化过程,主要涉及亚硝化(AOB)及其同步反硝化、常规异养反硝化(HDN)、同步异养硝化-好氧反硝化(HN-AD)和全程氨氧化(COMAMMOX)等生物途径,以及硝化过程中间产物NH₂OH与NOH之非生物化学途径.常规硝化与反硝化(AOB+HDN)途径在正常运行工况下N₂O排放量并不是很大,约只占进水TN负荷的1.3%;即使是HN-AD与COMAMMOX代谢过程,两者N₂O产生量也不足TN负荷的0.5%.不可忽视的是AOB亚硝化及其同步反硝化,它们已被确认为是污水处理生物脱氮过程中N₂O排放的首要途径;AOB过程中间产物(NH₂OH与NOH)非生物化学过程以及AOB反硝化生物过程(主途径)共同导致的N₂...     

An inventory of N(2)O emissions from agriculture in China using precipitation-rectified emission factor and background emission

Fertilized agricultural soils are a major anthropogenic source of atmospheric N₂O. A credible national inventory of agricultural N₂O emission would benefit its global strength estimate. We compiled a worldwide database of N₂O emissions from fertilized fields that were consecutively measured for more than or close to one year. Both nitrogen input (N) and precipitation (P) were found to be largely responsible for temporal and spatial variabilities in annual N₂O fluxes (N₂O–N). Thus, we established an empirical model (N₂O–N = 1.49 P + 0.0186 P · N), in which both emission factor and background emission for N₂O were rectified by precipitation. In this model, annual N₂O emission consists of a background emission of 1.49 P and a fertilizer-induced emission of 0.0186 P · N. We used this model to develop a spatial inventory at the 10 × 10 km scale of direct N₂O emissions from agriculture in China. N₂O emissions from rice paddies were separately quantified using a cropping-specific emission factor. Annual fertilizer-induced N₂O emissions amounted to 198.89 Gg N₂O–N in 1997, consisting of 18.50 Gg N₂O–N from rice paddies and 180.39 Gg N₂O–N from fertilized uplands. Annual background emissions and total emissions of N₂O from agriculture were estimated to be 92.78 Gg N₂O–N and 291.67 Gg N₂O–N, respectively. The annual direct N₂O emission accounted for 0.92% of the applied N with an uncertainty of 29%. The highest N₂O fluxes occurred in East China as compared with the least fluxes in West China.     

Regional-specific emission inventory for NH3, N2O, and CH4 via animal farming in South, Southeast, and East Asia

Ammonia, nitrous oxide, and methane emission from animal farming of South, Southeast, and East Asia, in 2000, was estimated at about 4.7 Tg NH₃–N, 0.51 Tg N₂O–N, and 29.9 Tg CH₄, respectively, using the FAO database and countries’ statistic databases as activity data, and emission factors taking account of regional characteristics. Most of these atmospheric components, up to 60–80%, were produced in China and India. Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Indonesia, which were large source countries next to China and India, contributed more than a few percent of total emission of each atmospheric component. The largest emission livestock were cattle whose contribution was considerably high in South, Southeast, and East Asia; more than one-fourth of ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions: more than half of methane emission. The other major livestock for nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions were pigs. For methane emission, buffaloes were second source livestock. To provide spatial distributions of these gases, the emissions of county and district level were allocated into each 0.5° grid by means of the weighting by high-resolution land cover datasets. The regions with considerable high emissions of all components were able to be found at the Ganges delta and the Yellow River basin. The spatial distributions for ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions were similar but had a substantial difference from methane distribution.     

生物矿化针铁矿吸附铬的机理探讨

针铁矿在自然界中广泛存在,对重金属离子在地表的迁移和转化有重要影响.利用天然生物矿化针铁矿进行了Cr(Ⅲ)吸附研究,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等对吸附后的样品进行表征,发现样品中铬的含量随着Al2O3含量的增加而增加,说明表面带负电荷的含高岭土等的粘土较针铁矿对Cr(Ⅲ)有更强的吸附能力.样品的XPS研究表明,NO3-也参与了反应,且促进了Cr(Ⅲ)的氧化.研究还发现,Cr(Ⅲ)在针铁矿上的吸附不均匀,与文献报道的情况不同.     

活性炭负载锰氧化物用于吸附甲醛

以活性炭为载体,利用浸渍法将KMnO4负载在活性炭上,再经热处理使其转化为锰氧化物(MnOx).研究了KMnO.溶液浓度和热处理温度对负载MnOx活性炭吸附甲醛效果的影响.结果表明,在KMnO4溶液浓度为0.079mol·L-1和热处理温度为650℃的条件下制得的负载MnOx活性炭,在浓度为600mg·L-1甲醛溶液中的甲醛吸附量可高达5.51mg·g-1.X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)测试表明,负载MnOx活性炭表面的碳原子和锰原子可对甲醛产生化学吸附.