自热式催化燃烧处理含正已烷废气实验研究

本文研究了自热式催化剂用于含正已烷废气的处理过程,确定了电功率与催化床层温度关系,探索了自热式催化过程中正已烷浓度、空速对其转化率的影响,给出了实验室条件下的较佳操作参数范围。     

废水处理系统中抗生素抗性基因分布特征

废水处理厂被认为是抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)的重要污染源.为探究抗性基因在进水状况复杂的废水处理厂沿程的分布变化特征,选取以生产抗生素为主导行业的某化工园区废水处理厂,使用实时荧光定量PCR对废水处理厂沿程ARGs的种类、丰度变化进行研究.结果表明,废水处理厂水体中检出16种ARGs,四环素类、磺胺类ARGs为废水处理厂中占主导的抗性基因,并检出可移动遗传元件int I1,其丰度与磺胺类抗性基因的丰度(P 0. 05,r 0. 95)存在相关性,表明可移动遗传元件int I1可能促进了磺胺类抗性基因的迁移和转化.园区医药企业以合成大环内酯类抗生素为主,由于选择性压力,园区废水中,erm B抗性基因的绝对丰度远远高于其他废水中erm B的绝对丰度.废水经过废水处理厂生物处理工艺,总ARGs绝对丰度下降了1. 16个数量级,经过芬顿工艺处理后,总ARGs绝对丰度下降了2. 46个数量级,表明该废水处理工艺中深度处理工艺对ARGs的去除效果优于生物处理.高浓度、可移动的ARGs已经存在于水体中,如果没有得到有效治理,从废水处理厂排出,将给环境带来高度风险.     

Fenton催化氧化在污泥减量化中的应用研究

为了解决城市污泥难于脱水的问题,本实验采用Fenton和阳离子PAM联用试剂对污水处理厂的浓缩污泥进行脱水性能研究。对分别单独采用Fenton试剂、阳离子PAM以及Fenton和阳离子PAM联用试剂对污泥的脱水性能进行了对比。探讨了污泥最佳脱水效果的工艺条件。实验结果表明:针对广州某污水处理厂的浓缩污泥,单独投加Fenton试剂对污泥的减量化效果在pH=3、反应时间为120min、30%双氧水投加量为4g/kg污泥、Fe~(2+)/H_2O_2=1:10 (摩尔比)的条件下,达到取佳,可减量20.12%;而单独添加阳离子PAM的减量效果为23.64%;Fenton试剂与PAM联用时,在PAM的投加量为30mg/L时,双氧水投量为4g/kg,减量效果将达到29.63%,且经Fenton试剂处理后的污泥脱水时间为仅经PAM试剂处理后脱水时间的四分之一左右,大大提高了污泥在单位时间里的脱水效率。     

Formation and transformation of schwertmannite in the classic Fenton process

The massive amount of sludge generated by the classic Fenton process, which has often been hypothesized to consist of ferric hydroxide, remains a major obstacle to its large-scale application. Therefore, reutilization of Fenton sludge has recently gained more attention.Understanding the formation, transformation, and properties of Fenton sludge combined with the stages of the Fenton reaction is pivotal, but not well illustrated yet. In this study,SEM-EDS, FT-IR, XRD, and XPS were applied to study the morphology, crystallinity,elemental composition, and valence state of Fenton sludge. The authors report that schwertmannite and 2-line ferrihydrite were generated and transformed in the oxidation phase and the neutralization phase of the Fenton process. SO_4~(2-) in the solution decreased by8.7%–26.0% at different molar ratios of Fe(II) to H_2 O_2; meanwhile, iron ion precipitated completely at pH 3.70 with the formation of schwertmannite containing sulfate groups in the Fenton sludge. The structural sulfate(Fe-SO_4) in schwertmannite was released from the precipitate with the addition of OH-, and the production of Fenton sludge decreased with increasing pH when pH 3.70. Goethite was found to form when the final p H was adjusted to 12 or at a reaction temperature of 80°C. Moreover, the possible thermal transformation to goethite and hematite indicated that Fenton sludge can be reused as a raw material for synthesizing more stable iron(hydro)oxides. The results provide useful insights into the formation and transformation of Fenton sludge, with implications for regulating the crystal type of Fenton sludge for further reuse.     

秦岭山区农村社会空间演化研究——以陕西秦岭山区三县为例

社会空间是社会过程与空间过程的有机统一,把握山区农村社会空间的形成、演化,可以为通过空间规划推动乡村振兴提供新的切入点。在对陕西省太白县、柞水县、商州区三个秦岭山区县的农户进行入户调查、县乡调研和文献分析的基础上,采用统计占比分析和相关分析研究山区农村社会的特征,从结构角度分析社会空间的参与者、基本组成和演化类型三个方面的内容。结果表明：（1）在参与农村社会空间演化的过程中,政府的主导作用最为显著,乡村精英起着承上启下的作用,外部工商资本是新的推动力量,本地农民是农村社会空间生成的基质;（2）山区农村社会空间由物理空间、意愿—行动空间和制度空间三个层次有机结合、共同构成;（3）山区农村社会空间的演化过程可以分成生产、分离、转移、扩展、压缩和消亡等几种基本演变类型。通过空间规划中考虑营造植根于农村并能扩展的社会空间,引导山区农村社会在变革中向良性发展,可为乡村振兴战略的具体实施提供指导。     

我国气象灾害综合区划

对于区域气象灾害的研究,以往多侧重单一灾种或气象灾害系统中某一子系统的研究,缺乏对区域多灾种气象灾害综合分析。本文采取“中国主要气象灾害分析”的十种气象灾害资料,首先通过春、夏、秋、冬各季主导气象灾害的频率分布,构成各季节气象灾害地域组合类型,再依据综合区划原则,制定出各季综合灾害区:春季划分成6个综合灾害区,夏季划分成5个综合灾害区,秋季划分成4个综合灾害区,冬季划分成3个综合灾害区。     

甘肃省自然灾害及其防治对策

本文就甘肃省自然灾害的类型、分布、成因及其对社会经济的影响进行了分析研究,并提出了防治对策。     

羧基功能化磁性纳米MnFe2O4非均相Fenton氧化降解水中头孢噻肟钠的研究

成功制备出羧基功能化的MnFe₂O₄磁性催化剂（MnFe₂O₄-COOH）,采用X射线衍射（XRD）、N₂吸附-脱附、振动样品磁强计（VSM）、红外光谱（FT-IR）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、H₂-程序升温还原（TPR）及X-射线光电子能谱（XPS）等技术对其理化性质进行了表征,并通过非均相Fenton氧化降解水中头孢噻肟钠抗生素对MnFe₂O₄和MnFe₂O₄-COOH的催化性能进行了考查.结果表明,经过表面修饰之后的MnFe₂O₄-COOH比MnFe₂O₄的催化活性高,头孢噻肟钠的去除率可以达到85.5%,TOC的去除率达到58.1%.同时,对溶液pH的影响、Fe的流失、主要的活性物种及羧基修饰基团的作用进行了研究.结果表明,羟基自由基（?OH）是非均相Fenton氧化过程中的主要活性物种,羧基修饰后催化活性的提高主要归因于团聚的抑制、活性组分Fe流失的降低及还原能力的提高.此外,稳定性和重复使用性的研究结果表明,MnFe₂O₄-COOH经过3次 循环使用后,仍能保持较高的催化活性.     

Degradation of chlordecone and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane by photolysis, (photo-)fenton oxidation and ozonation

Intensive use of chlorinated pesticides from the 1960s to the 1990s has resulted in a diffuse contamination of soils and surface waters in the banana-producing areas of the French West Indies. The purpose of this research was, for the first time, to examine the degradation of two of these persistent pollutants – chlordecone (CLD) and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) in 1 mg L^?1 synthetic aqueous solutions by means of photolysis, (photo-) Fenton oxidation and ozonation processes. Fenton oxidation is not efficient for CLD and yields less than 15% reduction of β-HCH concentration in 5 h. Conversely, both molecules can be quantitatively converted under UV-Vis irradiation reaching 100% of degradation in 5 h, while combination with hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron does not show any significant improvement except in high wavelength range (>280 nm). Ozonation exhibits comparable but lower degradation rates than UV processes. Preliminary identification of degradation products indicated that hydrochlordecone was formed during photo-Fenton oxidation of CLD, while for β-HCH the major product peak exhibited C₃H₃Cl₂ as most abundant fragment.     

The use of waste basic oxygen furnace slag and hydrogen peroxide to degrade 4-chlorophenol

A new treatment method is developed to degrade 4-chlorophenol (4-cp) and its oxidation intermediates. The experimental results of this research demonstrate that 4-cp and its oxidation intermediates can be decomposed completely by basic oxygen furnace slag (BOF slag) with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in an acid solution. The factors that effect the treatment efficiency were studied including initial concentration of 4-cp, pH of the solution, concentration of H₂O₂ and amount of BOF slag. The BOF slags are final waste materials in the steel making process. The major components of BOF slag are CaO, SiO₂, Fe₂O₃, FeO, MgO and MnO. As the BOF slag in an acid solution, FeO and Fe₂O₃ can be dissociated to produce ferrous ion and ferric ion. Ferrous ion reacts with hydrogen peroxide to form “Fenton's reagent” which can produce hydroxyl radicals (OH^.). Hydroxyl radical possession of high oxidation ability can oxidize organic chemicals effectively. Results show that 100 mg/l of 4-cp is decomposed completely within 30 min by 438.7 g/l BOF slag with 8.2 mM hydrogen peroxide in pH=2.8±0.2 solution. The COD value of the solution is reduced from 290 to 90 mg/l. The factors studied which affect the 4-cp decomposition efficiency were the hydrogen peroxide concentration, BOF slag concentration, pH of the solution and initial concentration of 4-cp. Because large amounts of Fe₂O₃ and FeO are present in the BOF slag, the BOF slag not only has a high treatment efficiency, but also can be used repeatedly.