The Influence of Chironomus plumosus Larvae on Nutrient Fluxes and Phosphorus Fractions in Aluminum Treated Lake Sediment

One of the methods to diminish the internal phosphorus (P) loading is inactivation of P by aluminum (Al). After addition of Al to lake water an Al(OH)₃ floc is formed, which settles to the bottom and initially form a lid on the sediment surface. The effects of Chironomus plumosus larvae on sediment nutrient fluxes and P binding-sites in the sediment after addition of Al were tested. C. plumosus larvae were added to sediment cores in which sediment–water fluxes of nutrients were measured four times. After one month, the sediment was sectioned with depth and P fractions were measured by sequential chemical extraction. The chironomids created burrows through the Al layer which caused a significantly increased efflux of P from the Al treated sediment, because the P had only limited contact to the added Al. The chironomids also affected the P fractions in the sediment by their bioturbating activity. Thus, they caused increased Al concentrations in the upper part of the Al treated sediment. This created an enhanced contact between Al and P in the upper 7 cm of the sediment and, as a result, an increased binding of P to Al and a lowered porewater P. The DIP efflux is therefore expected to be lowered after the initial phase. Al had no effects on the nitrogen fluxes, but the chironomids enhanced the release, and decreased the release or increased the uptake by the sediments.     

图象法确定底泥颗粒物的表面分形维数(Ds)

研究了不同标度下底泥颗粒物的表面分形特征.结果表明,底泥颗粒的表面在几个nm到几个μm之间一般都具有多重分形特征,而且在不同的标度范围内表面分形维数(Ds)具有一定的差异,在100-102量级之间,随图象分辨率的增大,相应的Ds一般呈变小的趋势.SEM图象计算出的Ds为2.32-2.42,AFM图象计算出的Ds为2.00-2.46,它们是是纯粹几何意义上的表面粗糙特征的描述.     

长江口沙洲表层沉积物磷的赋存形态及生物有效性

利用磷的连续分级提取方法,研究了长江口沙洲沉积物中磷的赋存形态分布特征,并探讨了沉积物中磷的生物有效性.结果表明,沙洲沉积物中总磷的含量为437.6～1103.7μg·g-1,其中79.5%以无机磷的形式存在,而无机磷中以碎屑态磷灰石磷为主;有机磷约占总磷的20.5%.磷的生物有效性分析结果显示,潜在的生物有效性磷主要包括弱吸附态磷、铁结合态磷和有机磷等3种赋存形态,而长江口沙洲沉积物中潜在的生物有效性磷含量较少,约为60.5～510.9μg·g-1,平均仅占沉积物总磷的28.86%.     

碎屑沉积物地球化学:物源属性、构造环境和影响因素

碎屑沉积物记录着有关源岩性质和构造演化等诸多重要的信息,对于沉积盆地分析和理解区域构造演化都有重要的指示意义。近年来碎屑沉积物地球化学的研究有了很大进展,尤其是同位素年代学在沉积物地球化学中的应用,如造山带前陆盆地、山间盆地沉积物的同位素年代学的研究可以有效地反演造山带隆升-剥蚀作用与盆地沉降之间的联系,为地壳演化和造山带隆升等地质过程提供了重要的地球化学证据。文章结合近几年来的研究实例,综述了沉积物地球化学方法在物源示踪和源区构造背景判别研究的一些进展。考虑到碎屑沉积物地球化学组成是源岩、风化作用、沉积循环、成岩作用和分选作用等综合作用的结果,我们对其中的主要影响因素进行了分析,指出了当前广泛应用的物源和构造背景判别图解需要注意的一些问题。     

化学药剂处理湖泊沉积物磷污染的实验研究

试验了氢氧化钙、硫酸铝、硝酸钙、硫酸亚铁对抑制湖泊沉积物向水体释放磷的有效性,药剂投加量分别为1：1、1：2和过量,试验历时24d,4种药剂对水体磷去除率最高分别可达到86．2％、91．7％、90．3％和93．1％,但处理效果随时间会发生变化。     

加氢裂化REAC系统双相不锈钢管道焊缝铁素体含量的讨论

本文介绍了专利商对应用于加氢裂化REAC系统的双相不锈钢S32205焊接接头的要求,简要说明了双相不锈钢的焊接工艺评定;分析了填充金属化学成分、焊接线能量、焊接冷却速度对双相不锈钢焊缝铁素体含量的影响;分析了双相不锈钢焊缝铁素体含量达到专利商要求的能力,以及手工电弧焊焊缝铁素体含量达不到专利商35%~60%要求的原因是焊条化学成分设计的结果;分析了焊缝铁素体含量要求的合理性,介绍了AWS、API、NACE及国家行业标准对于双相不锈钢焊接接头铁素体含量的要求;介绍了现场的焊接工艺,以及使实际焊缝达到使用要求的方法.     

Backwater Confluences of the Ohio River: Organic and Inorganic Fingerprints Explain Sediment Dynamics in Wetlands and Marinas

In the Ohio River (OR), backwater confluence sedimentation dynamics are understudied, however, these river features are expected to be influential on the system’s ecological and economic function when integrated along the river’s length. In the following paper, we test the efficacy of organic and inorganic tracers for sediment fingerprinting in backwater confluences; we use fingerprinting results to evidence sediment dynamics controlling deposition patterns in confluences used for wetland and marina functions; and we quantify the spatial extent of tributary drainages with wetland and marina features in OR confluences. Both organic and inorganic tracers statistically differentiate sediment from stream and river end‐members. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes produce greater uncertainty in fingerprinting results than inorganic elemental tracers. Uncertainty analysis of the nonconservative tracer term in the organic matter fingerprinting application estimates an apparent enrichment of the carbon stable isotopes during instream residence, and the nonconservativeness is quantified with a statistical approach unique to the fingerprinting literature. Wetland and marina features in OR confluences impact 42% and 11% of tributary drainage areas, respectively. Sediment dynamics show wetland and marina confluences experience deposition from river backwaters with longitudinally linear and nonlinear patterns, respectively, from sediment sources.     

天津市地表水体与沉积物中7种高关注酚类化合物的污染特征与生态风险分析

为探究地表水体与沉积物中酚类化合物的污染分布特征和生态风险,选择天津市3个水源地与6条主要河流,采集了26个地表水样与6个沉积物样品,利用固相萃取与超声萃取、高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)测定了水样及沉积物中1-萘酚(1-naphthol)、壬基酚(nonylphenol, NP)、双酚A(bisphenol A, BPA)、2-苯基苯酚(biphenyl-2-ol)、3,4-二氯酚(3,4-dichlorophenol)、四溴双酚A(tetrabromobisphenol A, TBBPA)和对叔丁基苯酚(p-tert-butylphenol, PTBP)等7种高关注酚类化合物的浓度水平,并应用物种敏感性分布(species sensitivity distribution, SSD)法和熵值法(ecological risk quotient, RQ)评估7种酚类化合物水环境和沉积物的生态风险。结果表明,地表水样中7种酚类化合物均全部检出;其中壬基酚的检出浓度最高,其次为四溴双酚A、对叔丁基苯酚、1-萘酚、2-苯基苯酚、3,4-二氯酚和双酚A。沉积物中酚类化合物的污染分布规律与水样相似,除双酚A外的目标物全部检出。其中,壬基酚浓度比其他物质浓度高2个数量级。风险评估结果显示,壬基酚对水环境与沉积物存在不可接受的风险;而四溴双酚A、对叔丁基苯酚、1-萘酚、2-苯基苯酚、3,4-二氯酚和双酚A则对环境具有较低风险或者存在一定的风险。     

PAHs Contamination in Bank Sediment of the Yamuna River, Delhi, India

This study was performed to elucidate the distribution, concentration trend and possible sources of PAHs in bank sediment of river Yamuna in Delhi, India. The levels of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons in the sediment fraction < 53 μm. Reference standards and internal standards were used for identification and quantification of PAHs by HPLC. The sum of 16 PAH compounds ranged from 4.50 to 23.53 μg/g with a mean concentration of 10.15 ± 4.32 μg/g (dry wt.). Among 5 sites studied, the site, Income Tax Office (ITO) was found to be the hotspot attaining highest concentration. Predominance of 2–4 ring PAHs suggests a relatively recent local sources of PAHs in the study area. Moreover, molecular indices based source apportionment also illustrates pyrogenic source fingerprint of PAHs. No significant temporal trend was observed.     

Ecosystem Responses to Extreme Natural Events: Impacts of Three Sequential Hurricanes in Fall 1999 on Sediment Quality and Condition of Benthic Fauna in the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina

A study was conducted in November 1999 to assess sediment quality and condition of benthic fauna in the Neuse River Estuary (NRE), North Carolina, USA, following the passage of three Atlantic hurricanes during the two months prior. Samples for analysis of macroinfauna (>0.5 mm sieve size), chemical contamination of sediments, and other abiotic environmental variables (salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, depth, sediment granulometry) were collected at 20 sites from the mouth of the Neuse River at Pamlico Sound to approximately 90 km upstream. Results were compared to those obtained from the same area in July 1998 using similar protocols. Depressed salinity, caused by extreme rainfall and associated high freshwater flow, persisted throughout much of the estuary, which had experienced periods of water-column stratification and hypoxia of underlying waters. Fifteen of the 20 sites, representing 299 km² (76% of the survey area), also showed signs of benthic stress based on a multi-metric benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI). Benthic impacts included reductions in the abundance, diversity, and numbers of species and shifts in taxonomic composition, with a notable increase in dominance of the opportunistic polychaete Mediomastus ambiseta as other former dominant species declined. There was no significant increase in the extent of chemical contamination compared to pre-hurricane conditions. Storm-related reductions in dissoved oxygen and salinity were the more likely causes of the observed benthic impacts, though it was not possible, based on these results, to separate storm effects from seasonal changes in the benthos and annual episodes of summer anoxia and hypoxia.