贵州草海沉积物重金属分布及其对底栖动物群落的影响

基于原子吸收和ICP-MS,研究了贵州威宁草海4种重金属Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni的分布规律,并分析了其对底栖动物群落结构的影响.结果表明,表层沉积物中Zn、Pb、Cd 3种重金属含量已超过加拿大环境质量标准,超标样品量分别达到样品总数的82%、65%和47%,可能和周边历史上大规模的土法炼锌有关;草海表层水及孔隙水4种重金属含量均未超过国家I类地表水质量标准,表明污染的沉积物对水体重金属含量影响有限.表层沉积物中Zn、Pb、Cd均表现出湖中心及上游湖口含量更高的趋势,并和有机质呈显著正相关关系(r=0.837, P < 0.01; r=0.785, P < 0.01; r=0.780, P < 0.01),表明有机质在Zn、Pb、Cd的迁移和沉积中扮演了重要角色.在湖心沉积物柱中,Zn、Pb、Cd 3种重金属从剖面上部约10cm往上均有逐渐升高富集的趋势,与草海周边近几十年的大规模土法炼锌历史吻合.不管在表层沉积物还是在沉积物柱中Ni都呈现与其它3种重金属相反的分布规律,可能与Ni主要来源于自然背景有关.底栖动物群落结构调查表明,周边采样点比湖内采样点的底栖动物种类更为丰富,栖息密度也更大,这可能与草海湖内采样点重金属含量远高于湖周边采样点有关,具体影响及机制需要进一步深入研究.     

Characterization of phosphorus species and modeling for its organic forms in eutrophic shallow lake sediments,North China

Variations of phosphorus （P） and its species in surface sediment of Baiyangdian Lake, a eutrophic shallow lake located in North China, were investigated through combination of field survey and numerical calculation based on cluster analysis. P fractionation was performed by a sequential extraction scheme, categorized as loosely bound P （NH4Cl-P）, reductant soluble P （BD-P）, metallic oxide bound P （NaOH-P）, calcium bound P （HCl-P） and organic P （Org-P）. P concentrations exhibited regional similarities and a total of four sub-areas were identified in which the same rank was HCl-P 〉 Org-P 〉 BD-P ,=NaOH-P 〉NH4Cl-E NH4Cl-P, BD-P and Org-P were found to contribute to P enrichment in overlying water column. Specifically, labile Org-P acted as a potential pool with a greater contribution in aerobic layer compared to anaerobic layer. A hysteresis （lag = 4 months） existed when labile Org-P concentration was negatively correlated with aerobic layer thickness. In view of magnitude of identified P contributors in sub-areas, higher potential of P release was present in Fuhe River and Tang River estuary areas. On the basis of calibration and verification, the mathematical model with parameter settings applied in this study was improved to serve as a tool for limnology management and eutrophic control.     

河北省衡水湖沉积物中汞的分布特征及生态风险

衡水湖是华北平原上第一个国家级内陆淡水湖泊湿地类型的自然保护区,为了解衡水湖沉积物中汞的分布特征及生态风险,于2013年8月在衡水湖采集了5根柱状沉积物,对其中的总汞、甲基汞、孔隙水溶解态汞、有机质、pH以及含水率进行了分析。结果表明,衡水湖沉积物中总汞的平均含量为22.5 ng·g-1,低于全国及河北省表层土壤背景值。但表层沉积物汞含量明显高于底层,说明近年来的外源汞输入对湖泊汞负荷产生了一定影响,且靠近湖泊东部106国道的采样点汞含量明显高于湖泊中西部的采样点,暗示交通运输等人为活动是该湖泊的一个重要汞输入源。利用潜在生态危害指数法进行评估,显示汞的生态风险较低,说明现阶段衡水湖的沉积物汞浓度不会对生态环境产生不利影响。     

Speciation of particulate trace metals in sediments of Anarbe reservoir∗

Total concentration and chemical forms of heavy metals in samples of sediment from a drinking water reservoir have been analysed. The result of total metal contest shows Fe and Mn concentration increase along the reservoir, from 4.4% in Fe and 0.07% in Mn in the end part to 6.4% Fe and 0.22% Mn at the dam. However, a decrease in organic matter along the reservoir is observed. In order to test the accuracy of the digestion methods used, a standard reference material was also analysed.

Trace metal concentrations, with exception of Cadmium, Pb and Mn, found in fraction 5 are higher than those observed in the others extractions, Fe, Ni, Zn, Cr and Cu content in non‐residual fraction is found mainly in moderately reducible fraction, but the percentage of this fraction in each metal is very different.     

Current trends in the research on soil changes due to deforestation,burning and cultivation in the Brazilian tropics

The effects of large‐scale destruction of the tropical forest on soil characteristics are presented, with emphasis on the Amazon Basin. Human activities progressively modify natural equilibrium in soils and streams, especially in Brazil, where about 25 000 km² of virgin forest are annually removed. Of the soil uses, the installation of annual crops and pastures in previously clear‐cut and burned areas is the main subject of this paper.     

The cadmium adsorption capacity of contaminated marine sediments from Hong Kong

The binding capacity of Cd to the sediment particles determines the potential of Cd release from the sediments. An experiment was performed to evaluate the adsorption of Cd by contaminated sediments collected from three different locations in Hong Kong, i.e. Kwun Tong, North Point and Nam Tam Wan, having different degrees of pollution. Langmuir and Freundlich equations were used to evaluate the adsorption of Cd by the sediments. Adsorption isotherms obtained from the Freudlich and Langmuir equations were generally linear and the adsorption of Cd by the sediments was significantly correlated with the adsorption maximum and binding energy constant of the Langmuir equation, and equilibrium partition constant of the Freundlich equation. All sediments had a high Cd adsorption capacity and the highly organic contaminated sediments from Kwun Tong had the highest adsorption capacity of 24,272 mg kg^‐1 at pH8. The adsorption of Cd for all sediments increased with a rise in pH of the equilibrium solution and the total organic carbon content of the sediments. Therefore, a change in the sediment chemical equilibrium is likely to reduce the binding capacity.     

Trace metals in fish,sediment and water from the south west coast of the Arabian sea,Pakistan

Concentrations of ten metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and Hg) in the edible muscle of Arius maculatus captured from eight different near‐shore and off‐shore sites off the south west coast of the Arabian Sea, Pakistan, were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Relevant water and sediment samples from the sites were also analysed for the metals. Zinc showed the highest metal concentration (6.763 μg/g, wet weight) in the muscle of the fish, while Mn and Hg showed lowest level (0.019 μg/g, wet weight). Of all the metals investigated, largest scatter (measured as σ) was observed for Zn (σ = 2.058 /μg/g) in fish muscle, for Fe and Mn in sediment (σ = 27481 and 44.50 μg/g) and for As in water (σ = 0.270 μg/L). The metal distribution data pertaining to water, fish and sediment were examined on the basis of simple metal correlations. The statistical study revealed that Ni, Cr, Pb and Cu had significant positive correlations (r > 0.830 at ρ = 0.01). The finding substantiated a trace metal concentration gradient in the area, thereby indicating that the local marine environment is contaminated by anthropogenic sources.     

Heavy metal accumulation in algae and sediments of the Black Sea coast of Turkey

The paper reports heavy metal accumulation in algae collected at four stations and in sediments at three stations on the Black Sea coast of Turkey. The metals analysed are Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Sb and Zn. The metal content of algae increased generally (with some exceptions) from 1991 till 1993 in ?ile and Sinop. In the sediments Sb in ?ile, As in Riva, Fe, Zn in Sinop are high. According to these findings the metal pollution increased in Turkish area of the Black Sea during the years investigated.     

洱海表层沉积物与鱼体中四溴双酚A的环境暴露水平

应用UPLC-MS-MS,对洱海表层沉积物和5种鱼类(白鲢、鲤鱼、鲫鱼、白条鱼和太湖短吻银鱼)样品中TBBPA(四溴双酚A)的质量分数进行了测定. 结果表明,洱海表层沉积物中w(TBBPA) (以干质量计,下同)为21.06~52.72ng/g,平均值为37.72ng/g,呈西部、南部和北部湖区明显高于中部和东部湖区的分布特征,其分布受所处区域的经济发展水平和生活生产状态等影响. 白鲢、鲤鱼、鲫鱼、白条鱼和太湖短吻银鱼肌肉中w(TBBPA)平均值分别为13.53、8.20、8.86、7.55和10.87ng/g,w(TBBPA)与鱼的体长度特征无关,可能与鱼类的食性、所处营养级有关. 在鱼体的内脏器官中,肾脏中w(TBBPA)最高,平均值为7.64ng/g;其次为鳃和肝脏,分别为7.07和5.68ng/g;卵巢和精巢中没有检测到TBBPA的存在. 与国内其他地区相比,洱海表层沉积物中w(TBBPA)呈较低水平,鱼体中w(TBBPA)为中等水平.      

洱海表层沉积物碱性磷酸酶活性时空变化

研究了2010—2011年洱海表层沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性的时空变化,并探讨了沉积物及水体理化因子对碱性磷酸酶活性的影响.结果表明:①洱海表层沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性为45.63～144.67μmol/(g·h),空间分布总体呈北部＞南部＞中部,受外源污染物输入影响较大的区域,其沉积物中w(TN)、w(TP)较高,碱性磷酸酶活性也较高;②洱海表层沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性呈明显的季节性变化特征,秋季(11月)<冬季(2月)<春季(5月)<夏季(8月),并且西部沿岸区域的季节性变化差异显著;③碱性磷酸酶活性与沉积物中w(OM)、w(TN)、w(OP)、w(TP)、m(C)/m(N)及水体ρ(OP)、ρ(TN)和ρ(COD_Mn)呈显著正相关. 沉积物及水体的理化因子是影响其碱性磷酸酶活性的重要内因,而外源污染物输入则是重要外因.