理化因素及感染复数对噬菌体MS2活性的影响

噬菌体MS2作为潜在的水中肠道病毒指示生物,已逐渐成为回用水微生物学安全评价指标的主要研究方向之一。测定了温度、pH值、紫外线和感染复数对噬菌体MS2活性的影响。结果表明:噬菌体MS2在70℃时5 min内即会全部失活,在pH值4～10的范围内均可稳定存在,在短波紫外线照射下25 min内即可失活;噬菌体MS2感染其宿主大肠杆菌的最佳感染复数为1。     

Under-Reporting of Accidents Involving Biological Material by Nursing Professionals at a Brazilian Emergency Hospital

Background. Pathogens can be transmitted to health professionals after contact with biological material. The exact number of infections deriving from these events is still unknown, due to the lack of systematic surveillance data and under-reporting. Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out, involving 451 nursing professionals from a Brazilian tertiary emergency hospital between April and July 2009. Through an active search, cases of under-reporting of occupational accidents with biological material by the nursing team were identified by means of individual interviews. The Institutional Review Board approved the research project. Results. Over half of the professionals (237) had been victims of one or more accidents (425 in total) involving biological material, and 23.76% of the accidents had not been officially reported using an occupational accident report. Among the under-reported accidents, 53.47% were percutaneous and 67.33% were bloodborne. The main reason for nonreporting was that the accident had been considered low risk. Conclusions. The under-reporting rate (23.76%) was low in comparison with other studies, but most cases of exposure were high risk.     

Comparative assessment of primary and secondary infection risks in a norovirus outbreak using a household model simulation

Diarrheal diseases can be transmitted via both primary infection due to exposures to contaminated materials from the environment and secondary infection due to personto-person contacts. Usually, the importance of secondary infection is empirically assessed by fitting mathematical models to the epidemic curves. However, these empirical models may not be applicable to other epidemic cases because they are developed only for the target epidemics and they don't consider the detail routes of infection. In our previous study, we developed a theoretical model taking into account the various routes of infection that commonly occur in households(e.g., shaking hands, food handling, and changing diapers).This model was made flexible and applicable to any epidemics by means of adjusting model parameters. In this study, we proposed a new index "Vulnerability indicator to secondary infection(VISI)", which expressed a ratio of secondary infection to primary infection risks and calculated this index in a simulated norovirus(No V) epidemic that involved 10,000 households.The results demonstrated that households composed of more than three members including infant(s) had much higher levels of VISI(5–45) than two-member-households with VISI(0.1–4).These results concluded that the infants were likely to be a hub of secondary infections in highly dense families and therefore careful handling of diapers was deemed indispensible in such families to effectively control the secondary infections.     

亚铵法造纸废液干粉对绿豆苗根系的AM真菌侵染及其地上部生物量的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,研究亚铵法造纸废液干粉对绿豆(Vigna radiate)苗根系的AM真菌侵染及其地上部生物量的影响。结果发现,添加适量造纸废液干粉可以加速AM真菌对绿豆苗根系的侵染;添加质量分数0.1%造纸废液干粉,出苗4周时绿豆苗根系的AM真菌侵染率比对照提高80%,出苗7周时地上部生物量比对照提高20%;添加质量分数0.2%~0.5%造纸废液干粉,绿豆苗根系的AM真菌侵染率和地上部生物量在出苗4周之后均不同程度低于对照。结果表明,添加质量分数0.1%左右亚铵法造纸废液干粉对AM真菌侵染绿豆苗根系和植株生长具有较好促进作用。     

浅析公路噪声预测模式的选择

针对我国现行通用的2个公路噪声预测模式,通过多年的公路环境影响评价经验及实际监测数据,分析和总结出在公路环境影响评价过程中,如何根据公路工程环境的实际情况,选择更符合实际的公路噪声预测模式。     

城市生态景观项目环评中应重点关注的问题

近年来,许多城市趋向于建设一些集商业、居住、休闲、旅游、生态于一体的生态景观区.这类项目具有建设内容丰富、建设范围大、建设周期长等特点.对这类项目进行环境影响评价时,在环境影响因素识别的基础上,应重点关注其与城市规划的符合性、景现环境的可接受性、施工期的环境影响和保护、运营期的环境影响和保护这四个问题.     

海洋贝类类立克次体的感染

类立克次体的感染可以引起海洋贝类病害的发生,并且有时会导致贝类的大规模死亡,成为在世界范围内影响海洋贝类养殖业发展的重要制约因素.本文首先从海洋贝类类立克次体的分类地位、宿主种类及地理分布、海洋贝类类立克次体及其包涵体的生物学特征、致病性、传播途径、检测与防治方法等方面进行了系统的阐述.文章提出对海洋贝类类立克次体进行研究的必要性,分析了研究的重点及难点,展望了此研究领域的发展趋势.     

三种除草剂对VA菌根真菌的侵染和植物生长的影响

用不灭菌的壤质黄潮土,在盆栽条件下研究了三种除草剂对VA菌根侵染和植物生长的影响。结果表明,三种除草剂的影响程度依次为绿麦隆>二甲四氯>氟乐灵;对菌根侵染的影响只出现在植物生长早期。接种VA菌根后,菌根侵染率、植物生长量、氮磷吸收量都显著大于不接种的对照植物。     

黑碳对呼吸系统发病急性影响及气温修正效应研究

为研究黑碳(BC)对呼吸系统急性发病的影响及气温的修正效应,收集北京市2009~2012年264075例呼吸系统急诊病例与同期空气污染物(BC、PM_2.5、SO₂、NO₂)及气象数据,在划分呼吸道感染部位(上、下呼吸道)与人群年龄的基础上,采用分布-滞后非线性模型与广义相加模型进行建模.首先分别研究BC、气温与发病的(滞后)关联,继而构造二元交互模型探索气温-BC的协同关系,再分层量化BC在不同气温水平的健康影响;并同时纳入气态污染物验证BC结果的稳健性.结果表明,对总呼吸系统、上感、下感而言,气温-发病风险的暴露-响应曲线均近似“V”型,阈值温度分别为24℃、26℃和24℃,且低温的滞后累积影响强于高温.主效应模型揭示BC诱发即时性风险,影响在3d内消失;BC浓度每升高四分位数(IQR),总呼吸系统、上感、下感的超额发病风险(ER)分别为1.97%、2.64%和1.34%.少儿(£14岁)超额发病风险最高(总呼吸系统,3.40%),而老年组(³60岁)结果不甚显著.双污染物模型显示,BC与SO₂共存会放大BC关联风险,尤以上感响应明显;而BC与NO₂共存会适度增强下感风险.BC-气温的非参数二元模型显示,BC升高使发病风险类似对数函数上升,且高温会显著增强BC的健康影响.分层模型得到,每IQR BC在气温高于阈值时导致的下感风险显著高于上感,分别为5.55%、1.27%(P>0.05);而低于阈值时BC所致上、下感风险相当,均在0.55%左右.BC对呼吸系统发病的急性影响与感染部位和气温水平紧密相关,不同年龄段间也体现差异化特征.