船舶污染案件中国家损失索赔的法律问题

针对我国船舶污染案件中国家损失索赔出现的一些法律问题进行了较详细讨论。认为属于国家损失赔偿的项目有:污染直接造成的国有自然资源的损害和国家保护环境产生的费用,即采取的合理复原措施的费用以及预防措施的费用;国家损失赔偿请求的权利依据为环境管理权,该环境管理权不仅具有公法性质,也具有民事属性,可以由特定的部门行使;针对目前国家损失由不同部门进行索赔比较混乱的现状,建议我国成立一个综合性的组织或部门代表国家对国家海洋环境损失进行索赔,并明确规定专款专用。     

Disaster risk from a macroeconomic perspective: a metric for fiscal vulnerability evaluation

The Disaster Deficit Index (DDI) measures macroeconomic and financial risk in a country according to possible catastrophic scenario events. Extreme disasters can generate financial deficit due to sudden and elevated need of resources to restore affected inventories. The DDI captures the relationship between the economic loss that a country could experience when a catastrophic event occurs and the availability of funds to address the situation. The proposed model utilises the procedures of the insurance industry in establishing probable losses, based on critical impacts during a given period of exposure; for economic resilience, the model allows one to calculate the country's financial ability to cope with a critical impact. There are limitations and costs associated with access to resources that one must consider as feasible values according to the country's macroeconomic and financial conditions. This paper presents the DDI model and the results of its application to 19 countries of the Americas and aims to guide governmental decision‐making in disaster risk reduction.     

Assessing the Effectiveness of Winter Cover Crops for Controlling Agricultural Nutrient Losses

A nutrient loss reduction strategy is necessary to guide the efforts of improving water quality downstream of an agricultural watershed. In this study, the effectiveness of two winter cover crops, namely cereal rye and annual ryegrass, is explored as a loss reduction strategy in a watershed that ultimately drains into a water supply reservoir. Using a coupled optimization-watershed model, optimal placements of the cover crops were identified that would result in the tradeoffs between nitrate-N losses reduction and adoption levels. Analysis of the 10%, 25%, 50%, and 75% adoption levels extracted from the optimal tradeoffs showed that the cover crop placements would provide annual nitrate-N loss reductions of 3.0%–3.7%, 7.8%–8.8%, 15%–17.5%, and 20.9%–24.3%, respectively. In addition, for the same adoption levels (i.e., 10%–75%), sediment (1.8%–17.7%), and total phosphorus losses (0.8%–8.6%) could be achieved. Results also indicate that implementing each cover crop on all croplands of the watershed could cause annual water yield reduction of at least 4.8%, with greater than 28% in the months of October and November. This could potentially be detrimental to the storage volume of the downstream reservoir, especially in drought years, if cover crops are adopted in most of the reservoir's drainage area. Evaluating water yield impacts, particularly in periods of low flows, is thus critical if cover crops are to be considered as best management practices in water supply watersheds.     

内蒙古农业灌区夏、秋浇的氮磷流失变化

通过对内蒙古农业灌区引黄灌溉的2次主要大规模灌溉（夏浇、秋浇）的跟踪监测,研究了农业灌区的氮磷流失情况.分析了2次灌溉期的各引水渠和排水渠中总氮（TN）、氨氮（NH4＋-N）、硝氮（NO3--N）、总磷（TP）、溶解性无机磷（DIP）、溶解性有机磷（DOP）、颗粒磷（PP）的变化情况.研究表明：夏浇时,由于植物吸收、灌水量小等因素,基本不产生污染.而秋浇期间,由于灌水量大、土地裸露成为非点源污染产生的主要时期.在对第8排域的TN、TP的连续监测中发现,排干沟中的总氮总磷含量基本维持在4.16mg.L^-1和0.1725mg.L^-1,且氮为主要的污染控制因子;排干沟中的N/P为24,排入乌梁素海中极易引起水华发生.结合河套农业灌区的自然条件、耕作方式等因素,综合分析了河套灌区在夏浇及秋浇时期的非点源污染产生过程及污染特点.为该地区非点源污染管理和控制提供科学依据.     

不同土地利用方式土壤表层氮、磷流失特征研究

利用室内人工模拟降雨,选择徐州沛沿河流域3种典型土地利用类型,研究了不同土地利用下土壤表层N、P随降雨径流的迁移过程.研究结果表明,在相同降雨条件下,3种土地产流量大小顺序为稻田地〉林地〉果园,产泥沙量大小顺序为果园〉稻田地〉林地.降雨径流水相中TN、TP浓度呈现随降雨时间的持续显著下降,然后逐渐稳定的趋势,氮磷的流失...     

Streambank Soil and Phosphorus Losses Under Different Riparian Land‐Uses in Iowa1

Abstract: Phosphorus and sediment are major nonpoint source pollutants that degrade water quality. Streambank erosion can contribute a significant percentage of the phosphorus and sediment load in streams. Riparian land‐uses can heavily influence streambank erosion. The objective of this study was to compare streambank erosion along reaches of row‐cropped fields, continuous, rotational and intensive rotational grazed pastures, pastures where cattle were fenced out of the stream, grass filters and riparian forest buffers, in three physiographic regions of Iowa. Streambank erosion was measured by surveying the extent of severely eroding banks within each riparian land‐use reach and randomly establishing pin plots on subsets of those eroding banks. Based on these measurements, streambank erosion rate, erosion activity, maximum pin plot erosion rate, percentage of streambank length with severely eroding banks, and soil and phosphorus losses per unit length of stream reach were compared among the riparian land‐uses. Riparian forest buffers had the lowest streambank erosion rate (15‐46 mm/year) and contributed the least soil (5‐18 tonne/km/year) and phosphorus (2‐6 kg/km/year) to stream channels. Riparian forest buffers were followed by grass filters (erosion rates 41‐106 mm/year, soil losses 22‐47 tonne/km/year, phosphorus losses 9‐14 kg/km/year) and pastures where cattle were fenced out of the stream (erosion rates 22‐58 mm/year, soil losses 6‐61 tonne/km/year, phosphorus losses 3‐34 kg/km/year). The streambank erosion rates for the continuous, rotational, and intensive rotational pastures were 101‐171, 104‐122, and 94‐170 mm/year, respectively. The soil losses for the continuous, rotational, and intensive rotational pastures were 197‐264, 94‐266, and 124‐153 tonne/km/year, respectively, while the phosphorus losses were 71‐123, 37‐122, and 66 kg/km/year, respectively. The only significant differences for these pasture practices were found among the percentage of severely eroding bank lengths with intensive rotational grazed pastures having the least compared to the continuous and rotational grazed pastures. Row‐cropped fields had the highest streambank erosion rates (239 mm/year) and soil losses (304 tonne/km/year) and very high phosphorus losses (108 kg/km/year).     

我国城市PM2.5污染的健康风险及经济损失评价

开展大样本城市的空气污染造成人群健康风险及经济损失研究,对于推进空气污染的防控与区域合作治理、公众健康素养提升具有重要意义.本文以我国62个环保重点监测城市为样本,运用环境健康风险与环境价值评估方法,对2015年PM_(2.5)污染引发的健康风险及经济损失进行评价,结果表明PM_(2.5)污染造成约12.51万人早逝[95%CI(置信区间):3.33~20.59万人]及1 009.59万人次患病、门诊和住院(95%CI:470.38~1 501.93万人次),占这些城市市区总人口的3.53%(95%CI:1.64%~5.26%).造成经济损失5 705.57亿元(95%CI:1 930.82~8 742.14亿元),占这些城市GDP总和的1.53%(95%CI:0.52%~2.35%),人均经济损失1 970元(95%CI:667~3 018元).四大城市群中,京津冀在健康风险、健康经济损失及其占GDP比重、人均损失方面均高于长三角、珠三角及东北.三大经济区中,东部的健康风险及经济损失高于中部与西部,三地的人均经济损失差别不大.南北方的经济损失相差很小,但北方的经济损失占GDP比重与人均损失均远高于南方.保定、郑州、济南、北京等市PM_(2.5)浓度很高,健康风险与经济损失问题突出.     

快速城市化背景下县域尺度农田氮素平衡状况的演变 ——以江苏省宜兴市为例

以苏南宜兴市为例,通过收支计算,揭示快速城市化背景下县域尺度农田土壤氮素平衡的演变及其主要影响因素.结果表明,自1985年以来,由于化肥施用量的大幅度下降和有机肥使用的减少,宜兴市农田氮素输入总量减少,氮素盈余由1985年的131.7kg/hm2减少至2008年的5.0kg/hm2,收支逐渐趋于平衡.这一变化有利于减少农田生态系统氮素的积累,从而降低非点源污染的危害.然而,人畜排泄物利用的减少虽然能够在一定程度上降低农田氮素的盈余,但增加了向水体的直接排放,从全局考虑不利于区域水环境质量的改善.     

不同土地利用方式下的地表径流磷输出及其季节性分布特征

在太湖流域利用为期3年的田间试验研究了不同土地利用方式下的土壤侵蚀和径流磷流失特征.结果表明,径流量和土壤侵蚀量都是竹园<板栗园<蔬菜地<玉米-油菜轮作.旱耕地上玉米-油菜轮作和蔬菜种植条件下磷的主要流失途径为泥沙搬运,磷的年均流失量分别为2.67kg.hm-2和2.79kg.hm-2,而竹园和板栗园则分别只有0.28kg.hm-2和0.66kg.hm-2.土壤侵蚀和磷流失主要发生在6~8月降雨集中分布的梅雨和台风季节.旱地上板栗园与玉米-油菜轮作2种利用方式的经济收益接近,但前者土壤侵蚀和磷流失量分别只有后者的6.7%和24.7%,在太湖地区种植板栗是值得鼓励的土地利用方式.稻田水旱(水稻-油菜)轮作条件下,磷主要随农田排水流失,降雨时间和施肥等农事活动的间隔长短在很大程度上决定了磷的年流失量,3次最大的流失事件中磷的流失量可达到全年磷流失的70%以上.稻田水旱轮作方式磷的年均流失量为0.93kg.hm-2,分别只有旱地玉米-油菜轮作和蔬菜地的34.8%和33.3%.因此,根据不同土地利用方式下磷输出量的差异及其季节分布特征合理调整土地利用格局,并在暴雨集中期尽量减少施肥和翻耕等农事活动,可以降低农田生态系统磷的输出.     

Effects of the new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on nitrate and potassium leaching in two soils

In this study, soil column was used to study the new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on nitrate (NO3--N) and potassium (K) leaching in the sandy loam soil and clay loam soil. The results showed that DMPP with ammonium sulphate nitrate (ASN) ((NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3) or urea could reduce NO3--N leaching significantly, whereas ammonium (NH4 -N) leaching increased slightly. In case of total N (NO3--N NH4 -N), losses by leaching during the experimental period (40 d) were 37.93 mg (urea), 31.61 mg (urea DMPP), 108.10 mg (ASN), 60.70 mg (ASN DMPP) in the sandy loam soil, and 30.54 mg (urea), 21.05 mg (urea DMPP), 37.86 mg (ASN), 31. 09 mg (ASN DMPP) in the clay loam soil, respectively. DMPP-amended soil led to the maintenance of relatively high levels of NH4 -N and low levels of NO3--N in soil, and nitrification was slower. DMPP supplementation also resulted in potassium leached less, but the difference was not significant except the treatment ASN and ASN DMPP in the sandy loam soil. Above results indicate that DMPP is a good nitrification inhibitor, the efficiency of DMPP seems better in the sandy loam soil than in the clay loam soil and lasts longer.